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Frontispifcc.
PLATE
STATUE OF SENUSRIT III.
British IHuseiiiit.
THE XIth dynasty TEMPLE
AT
DEIR EL-BAHARI
PAET III.
BY
EDOUARD NAVILLE
Hon. D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D., Litt.D., Hon. P.S.A.
COUBBSPONDENT OP THK INSTITUTE OP FRANCE;
FOREIGN MEMBER OF THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OP SCIENCE;
FELLOW OP king's COLLEGE, LONDON;
PROFESSOR OF EGYrTOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA
AND
il. R. HALL, M.A., F.S.A.
ASSISTANT IN THE DEI-AIITMENT OF EGYrTIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES, lllllTlSH MUSEUM
WITH AN APPENDIX IJY
C. T. CURRELLY, M.A.
THE ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM, TORONTO
THIRTY-SECOND MEMOIR OF
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND
PUBLISHED BY OIWER OF THE COMMITTEE
LONDON
SOLD AT
The offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Gkeat Russell Street, W.C.
AND 027, Tremont Temple, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
ALSO BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Broadway House, 68-74, Carter Lane, E.C.
B QUARITCH, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W. ; ASHER & CO., U, Bedford Street, Covrnt Garden, W.C, and
C6,Unter den Linden, Berlin; and HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C, and 29-35, West 32nd Street, New York.U.S.A-
1913
I.lv
1 I I
t:.
\c\'
<!
Jirte Arts
' 9+. 3
KRT?ATUI\I.
Tlio nolo at. foot of (.■oliiinii 1 pni,'0 IS should i e:i(l as
follows : —
' A fia<,'ineiit sliowini; .-i hird llyini,' amour; tamarisks
(IJ.ISI., no. 40973) is sii<,'gcstive of the K^^yptizing (Jcsif,'ns
of birds among rends from Phylakoj)! in Melos. B.U.,
DOS. 4097;") — 7 show typical polychrome l■ellr(^sentatioIls of
flowers. On no. 40978 .spots of the uncommon colour
green occui-.
EGYPT EXPLOBATION FUND
president
Tnio Rt. Hon. Tmk EARL OP CROMER, G.C.B., O.M., G.C.M.G., K. C.S.I.
Dicc=lPrcsi&cnt£
Field-Marshal Lord Grenpell, G.C.B.,
G.C.M.G., etc.
The Rev. Prof. A. IL Sayce, M.A.,
LL.D.
Sir R G. Kenyon, K.C.B., D.Litfc., F.B.A.
The IIon'. Chas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.)
Prof. \Vall.\ce N. Stearns, Pli.D. (U.S.A.)
Prof. Sir Gaston Maspero, K.C.M.G., D.C.L.
(France)
Prof. Ad. Erman, Ph.D. (Germany)
Prof. Edouard Naville, D.C.L., etc.
(Switzerland)
1f3on. ^Treasurers
J. Grafton Milne, Esq., M.A.
Chester I. CAMPiiELL, Esq. (U.S.A.)
1[3on. Secretaries
J. S. Cotton, Esq., M.A.
Dwight Lathrop Elmendorf, Esq., Ph.D., etc. (U.S.A.).
/IDcmbers of Commtttec
Somers Clarke, Esq., F.S.A.
Newton Crane, Esq. (U.S.A.)
Sir Arthur John Evans, M.A., D.Litt.,
F.E.S.
Alan H. Gardiner, Esq., D.Litt.
Prof. Ernest A. Gardner, M.A.
F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
H. A. Grueber, Esq., F.S.A.
H. R. Hall, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
The Rev. Arthur Cayley IIeadlam,
D.D.
D. G. Hogarth, Esq., M.A., F.B.A., F.S.A.
F. Legge, Esq., F.S.A.
Captain H. G. Lyons, F.R.S.
Prof. Alexander Macalister, M.D.
Mrs. McClure.
The Rev. \V. MacGregor, M.A.
Robert Mond, Esq., F.E.S.E.
The Marquess op Northampton, K.G.
Francis Wm. Pebcival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
Dr. Allen Sturge.
Mrs. Tibard.
T. Herbert Warren, Esq., M.A.
E. TowRY Whyte, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
I.oMiiis :
I'UINTED BV WII.l.IAM CLIlWKS AND SONS, LIMITKn,
IlUKE STUKKT, STAMKOKb STKKKT, S.E., ANII GKKAT WIND.MIM. STIIEET,
PREFACE.
This volume, a joiut work of Mi: Hall aud myself, is tlic last of the pulilicatioiis of the Fund
on the two temples of Dcir el-Bahari.
It deals chiefly with monuments which, except the tomb of Kemsit, are no part of the
construction of the Xlth Dynasty. They are votive statues and steles dedicated in the temple
to Amon or llathor, or small ol>jects deposited in the tombs. We couhl n(jt have left them
aside if we wished the iiublication to be complete.
Tiie appendix written Ijy Mr. Currelly is a description of the beads and porcelain ware
discovered during the last excavations. Mr. ('urrelly also made a tracing of the fresco in the
tomb of Kemsit, which was re-drawn l)y Mme. Navillc, to wliom we are indebted also for the
linear plates of inscriptions.
The last plate, made from a fine photograph Ijy Mr. Burton, gives a bird's-eye view of the
two temples, and of what has been the work of the ollicers of the Fund during ten campaigns
of excavation. For travellers Deir el-Bahari has become, and will remain, one of the chief
attracti(jns at Theljes. Tourists may judge there what our lab(Hir has been, and subscribers
will see how their money has l)eeu spent. Those who know Deir el-Bahari only through the
publications can appreciate its value for history, religion, an<l art.
AVith this volume the present writer bids farewell to Deir el-Bahari, where he started the
work alone in the winter of 189.3, and where, assisted ])y various friends and fellow-w(jrkers, he
directed all the successive campaigns of excavation down to the spring of 1907, when the
clearing of the small temple was finished.
EDOUARD NAVILLE.
Genkva, JdiiiKiri/, 1913.
CONTENTS
CiiArTKR 1. TnK VoTivK, I\IonuiM1<;nts. I'.v I'jDouakd Navilmc ....
Chai'Tkk Jl. The Paintings in tjik Tomi; ok Kk.msit. Bv Im)()iiari) Navili.k .
LJiiAiTEH lir. The vStatues of Senu,si;it 111. Bv II. R. 11am, ....
CuAi'TER IV. The Smaller Oiuects. By 11. 11. Hall ......
Chaiteh V. Desurh'TION of Till-; BL-vrEs. By Edouard Naville and 11. R. Hall
rAGB
1
9
10
13
":9.
Ai'1'Enj>ix. Tjie Small Antiquities illustrated on Blate-s XXX. — XXXI 11.
By C. T. Currelly 28
Index .
35
THE XIth dynasty TEMPLE AT
DEIE EL-BAHAEI.
PART III.
CHAPTEPt I.
THE VOTIVE MONUMENTS.
By Edouard Navillk.
In the temple of the XIth Dynasty there was a
considerable number of votive statues. A few
were preserved in the rubbish, but they arc
generally very much broken, and the quantity of
chips found shows that there had been many more.
It is evident that they were smashed intentionally,
cither when the temple was used as a quarry, (jr
when the Copts built their convent close by.
Tlicse statues belong to the XVIIIth, the
XlXth, and the beginning of the XXth Dynasty.
Later on the temple was neglected, as well as
its larger neighbour. Probably the worship of
the eods and the kinsrs was abandoned when the
two sanctuaries became burial-places, and when
families of embalmers settled in the porticoes.
As for the old building of Mentuhetep it certainly
was already a quarry at the end of the XXth
Dynasty. No more votive monuments were
brought to its derelict sanctuary.
The inscriptions show that these monuments
were consecrated to Anion and Hathor. Those
of the priests of Hathor, of " the golden cow,"
are more interesting than the prayers to Anion
which contain the ordinary formulas. Hathor is
generally called the goddess of the mountain.
though she also goes to the river, and conies out
of it.
The place where the temple is built is called
^>, n A.stdkhuit : this is its original name.
When the large temple was built it is said that
the (j[ucen raised it in n ^^ ^ ^ ® I'' " ^^'^
Astakhuit of the old time."
We now proceed to give the translations of
most of the statues or stelae, beginning with those
dedicated to Anion alone or to both divinities,
leaving those of the Hathor priests for the end,
and omitting the inscriptions which are mere
repetitions.
Pis. IV. 1, VIII.F, <i, /', r, (I. Headless statue
in granite, of a scribe named Teta, unrolling a
papyrus on his knees. To his left hand is tied a
little saucer on which are grains of frankincense
° "^^^ °°- ^ would attribute this monument
to the XVIIIth Dynasty. It is very like the
two scribes found at Bubastis, of the time of
Ameuophis III.^ It seems to me one of the
1 Dcir cl-Bahari, I., PI. xxii.
■^ Bnhastis, Pis. xxv., xxxv., p. 32.
THE XIth dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
most ancient monuments of the New Empire
that we liave discovered here. Ti-ta \\ ^
was connected with tlie law ; he was a lawyer.
On his knees we read thi.s: —
" The executing the laws, estal)lishing the com-
mands, making known to all the dignities their
duties and conditions, in the temple of Amon
and the holy horizon of llathor, the queen of
the mountain — very firmly — by the head artist
of Amon, the official Teta."
We learn from this inscription that the special
sanctuary of llathor is called " the holy horizon "
%^
On the base is written : " May a royal offering
be given to Amon-Ra Ilarmakhis, llathor the
lady of Mannu, who resides in her holy horizon.
May they give all that appears on their table
every day, lilmtions of wine and milk, and incense
in every season. llathor, lady of Astakhuit, give
me the victuals ordered for thee like those of the
very ancient god.s."'
Before the legs : " For the ka of the chief of
the abode in the house of the furniture (?), en-
trusted with all the works, the official Teta, living
again."
Pis. IV. 2, VIII. B, a, h. Kneeling statue in
sandstone, painted red. The man holds a stele
on which is a hymn to Amon.
" Praising Ra, when he rises, and brings the
morning, being the spirit of the East, by the
royal scribe, the royal architect (?), the chief of
Memphis Jifenkheper. He says : Homage to thee
who shinest on the horizon, whose forms are
lofty, the hawk, the lord of the sky, the creator
who gave birth to himself, who comes out of Nu
and rises on the earth, the very marvellous,
whose essence is lioly, who created mankind and
causeth them to live, the master of the oar who
wields it every day, tlie veneral)le god who is
•seen by his rays."
Lit., gods of the Firsit Creation.
Below are the usual sentences : —
" A royal offering to Amon-Ra, that he [the
deceased] may see his face every time he rises in
all his festivals, and every day ; for the royal
scribe Menkheper."
" A royal offering to Osiris, the great god, the
prince of the living. May he give [the deceased]
to appear as a living spirit," to see the solar di.sk,
and to look at the moon ; this is for the chief . . ."
Pis. IV. 3, VIII. A. A .small crouching statue
in black granite : the head is lost.
"A royal offering to Amon Ra, the king of
the gods in Astakhuit, to llathor the lady of the
mountain, to Osiris the eternal ruler. May they
give a funerary meal, beef, geese, garments,
incense, scents, oil, vegetables, all things good
and pure of which a god liveth, and to bi'cathe
the pleasant wind of the North, for the scribe of
the holy offerings of Amon, Aahines called Paten ;
said Ijy his son, who revives his name, the scribe
of the divine offerings of Amon, Amenemhel)."
The same inscription is found on a small statue
(PI. V. 1), which, although having a name of
the Xllth Dynasty, certainly belongs to the
XVIIIth; it is ^^^'^^HJr^^^^Q
1 i I V ^ ^ — iSiii I +¥ H — ^ .M^ o 1 y J-
Though the statue is small tlic man who dedi-
cated it held high offices, since he was hereditary
prince, chancellor, first prophet of Amon, and
chief of all the prophets of Egypt. His name
Amenemhat occurs sometimes in the XVIIIth
Dynasty.
PI. IX. D, a, li. These votive statues arc very like
each other, with only slight variants ; for instance,
here tlie deceased asks that his statue may remain
in Astakhuit. He is a mere attendant of the
king without any important office : " the favourite
of the king, who fills his heart, the attendant
Ainenhetep."
'^ A bird \vith a humau head.
THE VOTIVE MONUMENTS.
Wc sec from a fracjinent that he owes his
statue to his grandson, %s^/ww«
PI. IX.E. Small limestone statue. The man
was ^ ^^"^i which is now translated "vizier."
Adkliejyer- Ra-seneh, called Pauah. Ilis first name
seems to indicate that he was born and lived
under one of the first two Tliothmes.
PI. X.c, a-f. Lower part of a limestone statue.
The man was called Turn o v^ n vA , and seems
to have been a very high dignitary.
" Homage to Osiris by the royal sou, the chief
of the land [of the South] . . . Tura. Homage
to thee, Osiris . . . the lord in Dudu . . . the
prince, the eternal ruler, grant me to go in and
out, lead ... by his son who revives his name,
the scribe of the holy ofl'erings of Amon."
On the other side, his son who revives his
name is called Paten. Besides the usual formulas,
we see that Tura was seiner uat, " the only or the
first friend," an office which is not well explained,
and " that he filled the heart of the king, because
of his excellence."
He seems to have been connected with the
MadjaJu, the foreigners who became a guard of
mercenaries. Other fragments say that he was
" not faithless," and that he " did not destroy "
There is a mention also of somethins;
made of gold.
PL XI. A. A squatting statue had been dedi-
cated to a famous man Nehi. It is now headless
and very much injured. Nehi is well known by
various inscriptions of Thothmes III. at Semneh,
where he helped to restore the temple, and at
Wadi Haifa. He is often called " royal son of
Kush," which means viceroy of the country
south of the first cataract. Here he is styled
only : "The royal son, governor of the countries
of the South." The inscription on the left side
is very much destroyed ; on the right we read :
" A royal offering to Amon Ra, king of the
gods, the lord of the sky, and to Hathor, the
lady of Anit, who resides in the western
mountain. May they grant bliss, might, victory,
that he may enter the Duat and its dwellings (?),
inhale frankincense which is ofl'ered before them,
to the royal son, the governor of the lands of
the South, Nehi."
Two cartouches of Thothmes III. are on the
shoulders.
Pis. VI. 1, VIII.E. A broken fragment of a
funerary stele (Pt. I., p. 24, n. l), which is not
older than the XlXth Dynasty, judging from the
costume of the deceased and his wife, who are
represented below in the attitude of prayer. It
is unfortunate that so little is preserved of this
inscription. The gods were proljably above in
the part which is left.
In the horizontal lines the deceased addresses
the passers by.
" Usihat says, ' Hail, priests, choachytes
you will bequeath your dignities to your
children if you say ' "
In the vertical columns Usihat makes his own
eulogy, and speaks of his employments : "
he was truthful the scribe, the accountant
of all f>ood thintrs in the house of Neh-nia-Ra
(Amenophis III.), the first proplict in
the house of lla-neb-khepera (Tutankhamou).
Usihat, he says: I was silent beloved,
kind-hearted, with choice language. I rejoiced
fraud. I walked in his path. I have
not transgressed in it ; my heart was full of my
god, and he answered me. Said by the scribe
Usihat, who lives again, and his sister the lady,
the musician of Hathor, and the singer of Amon,
Nefertari, who lives again." ^
I believe this is the first occasion we find
mention of the house of Tutankhamou, probably
his tomb or his funerary temple, as well as that
of Amenophis III. The deceased Usihat was an
official attached to the funerary service of these
monarchs.
' I Ml- I consider this .is a variant of | T"-
V. 2
THE XlTii DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
Pis. V. 2, VIII.D, a~c. Lower puit of a small
staircase, on the top of which probably stood a
statue. There are only a few words left. On
the right : " his ears hear things pleasant to
gods and men," and on the line below, "
the elder artist of Ilathor of the house of IMait,
on the west of Thebes."
Pis. VI. 2, VIII.c, a-i: A granite stele,' the
lower part of which is broken ofl'. It is a scene
of adoration to various gods. It probably stood
before the statue of Anion.
The god to whom it is dedicated is Anion, in
his residence of Apet. He is sitting ; behind
him is " Mut, the lady of the sky, the mistress
of the land," and " Khonsu Neferhotep." The
divinities who worship him are standing in two
rows. Above, " Min of Koptos, the lord of the
sky, Isis, the lord of Shmun (Thoth), Shu, and
Hathor" issuing from her mountain. Below,
Unnofris of the West, Horus, vVmut (Anubis),
Hathor, the divine daughter of Dad (Osiris), who
may Ijc the jackal-headed god, and Nephthys.
The figure of the deceased does not appear any-
where ; he was probalily on the lower part of
the stele.
"The beloved of his god, the head of the
draughtsmen of Anion, Didiuia, the son of the
draughtsman of Anion, Jfataai, speaks thus :
Hail, Anion, lord of lords, the creator, who was
born of himself, lord of the thrones of the two
lands, king of the gods, the Ani of Thebes.
Grant me to be well-pleasing before thee.
" Hail, Ra, creator of mankind, mother and
father of all men, shining on them every day,
grant that I may see thee eternally every day
without ceasing.
"Hail, Turn, who resideth in On, the lord of
forms, in all the places he likes, the great god,
the first-born, the creator, when he wanders
' This stele was funnel thrown into the- shaft of an
Xlth Dynasty tomb {Dcir el-Bahari, Xlth Dyn., I., p. 4.5).
It is now in the British Museum (no. 700).
away it is not known where he is. Grant that I
may be joined to thy favourites.
" Hail, Shu, Khonsu Neferhotep, who is high
on his pedestal, who was at the beginning, the
chief who is in Hatha, may he give nic food and
victuals while I am on earth.
"Hail, Tefnut, daughter of Ra, the mother,
the queen of the two lands, hidden and con-
cealed so that nobody may know it, queen
of all the gods, who gives life, health and
strength, old age with her benevolence, to all
her servants.
" Hail, Qeb, the father of the gods, who gave
birth to all beings, the only one, the divine, who
hides himself, who makes his cliildren as masters
of what he has done. May he give me to be
buried in this land for ever, and that I may
have rest."
There the stele is broken oft".
Right .side of the band around the stele. "A
royal ottering to Osiris, Unnofris, Horus, ]\Iin,
Isis, Hathor of Djeser, on the west of her terrace.
May they grant that I go in and out, that I may
not be repulsed at any gate."
Left. " A royal ofi"ering to Anion, lord of the
thrones of the two lands, ]\[ut of A.sher, Khonsu
of Thebes, Neferhotep, Thoth of Shmun, Anubis,
Shu, son of Ra. May they give me life, health
and strength, that my name may remain in this
temple. It is for "
There are texts also on the thickness of the
stele. On the left side there has been an erasure :
a cartouche has been destroyed.
Left side. " Hail, prophets, priests, choachytes,
and every scribe who is learned in writing ; if
you read this stele of Anion of Apet, if you will
please the lords of eternity, and bequeath your
dignities to your children after "
Right. " Whosoever makes libations before
this image of Anion of Apet, and his cycle of
gods, you will receive oft'erings in the house of
Anion, and ftowers in the temple of Mut and
Khonsu, your words will l)e heard in On, and
re-echoed at Thebes."
THE VOTIVE MONUMENTS.
Pis. VI. .3, IX.F. Of this group in limestone
hardly anything is left except names. The man
was connected with the worship of Mentuhetep.
We sec the names of his daughters, Udja, Nch-
fds/mrciii/ia, Adhhotcp. Ilis sons are called
Aiihiacs and AniencniJich. These names clearly
point to the XVIIIth Dynasty.
]'l.s. VII. 1, XI. IJ, (I, h. Fragments of a pyra-
midiou engraved with great carelessness. The
man for whom it was made seems to have been
called Dhufi Thoth. He was probably connected
with the worship of Mentuhetep, whose cartouche
is mentioned with the rare spelling, O ^^37 | ,
which confirms the reading hcjief for the sign
1, and which is found in the Abbott Papyrus.
Pis. IV. 4, X.1J, c. Among the most impor-
tant monuments are two statues of different size.
They were nearly complete when discovered.
Unfortunately the head of the larger one was
stolen from us, and seen afterwards in the shop
of a dealer in Cairo, but could not be recovered.
The photographs of PI. IV. are of the smaller
one, now in the British Museum (no. G87) ; the
larger one is at Philadelphia.* They both are
images of a high official, known by a great
number of monuments, and whose tomb had
already been discovered by Lepsius.^ His name
is A^ ra Yl ' which, as the variants teach us, is
to be read Paiscru. He was one of those officials
whose title is translated " vizier," of which there
.seems to have been only one at this time in
Egypt. At the same time he was "chief justice,"
-^ ^. and ^, " head of the South."
The numerous monuments on which Paiseru
is mentioned give us a long list of his titles,'
some of which are his employments, while
others arc only flattering epithets. Nevertheless
> Beir el-Bahari, Xlth Di/ua.sti/, I., p. .33.
2 Denkmdlcr, III., 132.
'■' A. Wkill, Die Vczicrc dcs I'liaraoiicnrcichcn, p. 80.
there is one which had n(jt been found before,
1 \/ J\ '■^^■^ °==s 0(1 ^ 2Z3 ^ " the royal messenger
of the Nortli wind." This is very similar to one
whicli belouiis to another vizier, I \J ~w>aa IZU i
Vi I ,'' " the royal messenger of the pleasant
Ijreath." The meaning is identical, for in-
numerable inscriptions speak to us of " tlic
pleasant breath of the North."
Paiseru died under Rameses II., but he had
lived and received his first employments under
Seti I., as we know from his tomb. The inscrip-
tions on liis statues are either prayers to the
gods or eulogies of his virtues and his merits, as
is usually the case with funerary inscriptions.
We begin with the larger statue.
In front (PL X.B, r) :—
" the divine father, the divine attend-
ant (?), whose mouth gives pleasure to the whole
land. The cars of his lord are filled with truth.
He is rejoiced by what comes out of his
[Paiseru's] mouth ; the governor of the city, the
vizier Paiseru."
Back of the statue (PI. X.B, c) : " IMay a royal
offering be made to Anion Pa they swear
by thee. Thou art the only (jne who liveth on
truth, who provides the necessaries to the living.
He is prosperous, he who pleaseth thee, no evil
reacheth him. I am thy son of the house.
I was born on thy floor, and all thy designs
remain in my heart. I shall not oppose them.
The txods bee; life from thee like the servants
and the high ones. Give me that this day may
be better than yesterday. Grant me thy be-
nevolence, and peace, as to a servant who is
pleasant to his master. This is for the ka of the
hereditary prince in the house of Qeb, the ■sem
in the royal house, the only well doing, the head
of the officials, the chief of the great ones of the
palace. He arrives in heaven to see what tliere
is therein. He is tlie initiated priest of the two
goddesses. He is pure and perfect. The work
* A. Weill, l.L, p. 89.
THE XlTH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-13AHAEI.
of his hands is pure. It is not ignored on earth
liow pleasant his voice was, where he made the
sacred ofterings, and propitiated the gods with
abundance. He is the first prophet of Uerthiket,
who carries the standard on the right of the
king/ the royal herald who knows when to speak,^
the messenger of the North wind, the director
of the festival of Anion, tlie chief of the works
in Astmait,^ to whom the West of Thebes was
bequeathed wlien he was still in the womb of
his mother, the governor of the city, the vizier
Paiseru."
Right side (b, (?) : " of the city, the
vizier Paiseru speaks thus : ' 0 ye prophets and
priests of Astakhuit, and all scribes learned in
writing, who please Anion Ra, bring offer-
ings before me, stretch your hands your
names likewise, after an advanced old age.'"
Left side (b, (/) : " to thee, my limbs
are pure, thy teaching is within me. I know
thee. Thou art greater than the gods. I am
acting according to thy will. Give me a dura-
tion of a happy life, that no evil may befall me,
and grant me the West of Thebes as to the lord
of truth."
Under the sceptre are the cartouches of
Rameses II.
PI. X.c. Small statue. In front (o, li) : —
" The hereditary prince, the chief justice, the
truthful who hates falsehood, the chief of the
South, the prophet of ]\[ait, the liead of the
attendants of the lord of the two lands, the
governor of the city, the vizier Paiseru."
Back (c, (/) : " May a royal offering be made
to Amon Ra, Tuni, Ilorus, Khepera, the spirit of
the West (Osiris), the master of gods and god-
' This may lie written in various ways, ^ J
\\ ^^w« (unpublished fragment),
^
— fl I /www
•I
(Weill, l.L, p. 05), "i'^ ^ ('''■> P- 9")-
- Lit., who knows the abode of Ills mouth.
^ The necropolis at Thebes.
desses, the lord of lords, the king of the cycle
of the gods, the father of fathers, the mother of
mothers, the ruler in the sky, on the earth, and
in the Duat. Old age is completely in thy hand,*
give me a l)urial near thee, grant me
forms before thee like the lord of truth.
May I receive loaves at the appointed time wlien
offerings are presented. This is for the la of
Osiris on the right of the king, to the
head of the prophets, the messenger of Mait, the
governor of the city Paiseru, the son of the
priest, first prophet of Amon, the lord of the
gods, born of the superior of the recluses of
Amon in its forepart,^ who joins Nu in
her name of Mehuerit. Grant me that my heart
may delight in abundance after an ad-
vanced old age, that my body may reach thy
mountain, that which is in the Lower world.
May tliat truly take place."
Left side (c, c) : " Osiris, the governor of the
city, the vizier Paiseru, says, ' I have come to
thee, Osiris, lord of Djeser. Thou art the lord of
truth, lasting for ever. Thou fillest mankind
with abundance ; give me bread, water, breath,
that my body may remain, that my mummy
may prosper, that invocations be uttered before
me every day, that my spirit may not be
repelled.' "
Riglit side (c, a) : " the venerable god
at Thebes, Amon Ra, who resides at Astakhuit.
Grant me that my name may prosper in thy
house, that I may receive loaves Ijeforc thee,
that I may inhale the incense given thee on
the altar."
Pis. XVI. 2, XI.c. Fragment of a group in
black granite mentioning Rameses II. Part of
his name is not very distinct ; we do not see the
name of the god by whom he is said to be loved ;
it may be Sokaris. As for the name of Nefert-
ari, it seems to be that of the queen, and not
* The duration of life depends on liis will.
^ Probably of a boat.
THE VOTIVE MONUMENTS.
of the siuger of Anion whom we met before
(PI. VIII.e).'
Pis. TV. 5, X.A, a-<l. This statue is in better
state of preservation than tlie other ones. It
lias kept its head. It was found in the rubbish
ut the entrance of the chapel of the Ilathor Cow.
This priest, of the lower order, liveil at the
end of the XlXth Dynasty and the beginning of
the XX th. The statue bears on the shoulders
the cartouches of Meueptah and Ilameses III.
On his right is his wife, on his left his sou.
llight : "May a royal offering l»e made to
Anion Ra, Ilarmakhis, Tuni the lord of Thebes,
Mut the great mistress of the sky, and Khonsu
Neferhotep. May they give a happy life
to enjoy the favour of gods and men, to the
singer, son of singers, who conies out with song
every day, the divine father in the sanctuary of
Ba-en-Ra-incr-Ainon [Meneptah], in the temple
of Amon on the West of Thebes, to the great
priest who enters the house of Anion at Thebes,
the official Nedjem."
His wife seems to be connected with the
worshijD of JMenthu ; her name, which is doubtful,
may be Takhentemlieh.
Left : " All that appears on the table of
Amon, Mut, and Khonsu, as the gift of everv
day, is for the ka of the divine father of the
sanctuary of Ba-en-Ra-mcr-Aiiion, in the temple
of Anion, the official Nedjem, the justified son
of Bckmut, from his son who revives his name,
the great priest, the chief of Amon, Malii."
We now come to the statues of the priests of
Ilathor. In both of them the goddess is spoken
' The inscription at the side reads : —
I °H> ^
I M I I
MIPT
iPPPiP
of as being " the cow ftf gold," so that it is not
impossible that it is the cow found in the temple,
the head of which was gilt.
PL IX.A, a-c. Crouchinor statue in black
granite, lieadless, holding in right hand the
inenat of Hatlior, and before his knees the head
of the goddess.
Left side (a, '/) : "(Jiving praise to Ilathor,
and falling down before the lady of Thebes, the
mistress of Djeser, by the royal artist, pure in
his work, the head of the priests of Uerhiket,
Djdui. He says : ' Homage to thee, the cow of
gold, the beautiful, with numerous colours, the
only one in the sky, Ilathor who is above Ra.
Thine eyes reach Kush, thou art the great lady
of Punt, thou feelest the good breath of the wind,
thou causest it to change (?) from the North
to the South wind when thou wieldest the oars.
Bring me cattle, geese, incense, the gifts of thy
temple. May Ptah make ..?.., which are his
gift, and make a birthplace (?) by his art. May
I receive the bread which is before thee, and the
victuals of thy temple, may I go in and out
pure of hands, on the mountain West of Thebes
for the royal artist Djaui.'"
Right (a, I)) : " Osiris, royal artist Djaui.
Thou receivest five loaves in Dadu, eight (?) in
Abydos, twelve loaves in Uu Peg," thou receivest
feet to walk upon, thighs to sit upon, fingers to
take all things given to thee, thou eatest cakes
which come out of . . ? . ., and pastry coming out
of the mould. Thou receivest the heart of thy
mother, the heart which thou hadst on earth,
thou eatest cakes, and thou feedest upon grain,
when thou art lying on thy bed. The gods who
are present are given thee [as guides], they lead
thee well, as they do to every god and every god-
dess. [This is for] Osiris, the royal artist Djaui."
In front, before the knees, there is a head of
Hathor. The text is rather uncertain, especially
in the lower inscriptions (a, c).
^ Sacred territory at Abydos.
THE XlTH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-nAHAIlI.
"The royal artist Djaui says: 'I am the priest
of Hathor, who hears the rec^ucsts of all maidens
who weep, and who Hathor give me
ointment for my head, beer for my mouth, bread
and drink which is offered thee by thy servants.
Give me the cakes before thee, and that I may
address Hathor, who listens to the miserable
for him who is pure, the prophet of the
royal living la ' "
Back (a, d): "A royal offering to Amon Ra and
Uerhiket ; may they give bread, breath, water,
frankincense to the royal artist Djaui. May Ra
give bliss in the sky to the royal artist Djaui.
May Qeb give power on earth to the royal artist
Djaui. May Tum give a good burial to the
royal artist Djaui. May Osiris give victory to
the royal artist Djaui, the son of Ilat, born of
the lady Roi"
PI. IX.IJ. Another statue, in limestone, of
a priest or priestess of Hathor, whose name
we do not know. Very little is left of the
text.
. . . her son Uadjuadj.
... ye who go into the temple of Nubt, fill my
mouth with gifts . . .
. . . her (?) he is satisfied I am (?) I say to
Nubt . . .
. . . yc inhabitants of Thebes, liigh as well as
poor, all ye who go to ... in Djeser.
. . . to tell your requests to the cow of gold, to
the lady of happy life, to the mistress
of . . .
. . . porter, may she give us children excellent in
this house, happiness, a good husband . . .
. . . rest on her feet, if cakes are given him before
her, she will not be wroth . . .
CHAPTER II.
THE PAINTINGS IN THE TOMB OF KEMSIT.
By Edouard Naville.
In Part I., p. 49, Mr. Ayrton, speaking of the
tomb of the princess Kemsit, says : " Round the
wall, at about one foot from the roof, is a baud
(2 ft. broad) of painted scenes, resembling those
depicted on the sarcophagi, the princess in each
being painted Ijlack. Along the top of these
scenes is a line of hieroglyphs, with the usual
funerary formula, ' for the spirit of the Priestess
of Ilathor, the only royal favourite, Kemsit.' "
P/.M.
PIE.
Approximate Plan of Tomb-chamber of Kemsit, with references to
wall-paintings, Plates II, and III.
This wall-painting is reproduced on Pis. II. and
III. from a tracing made by Mr. Currelly, which
has been redrawn by Mme. Naville. The original
in the tomb is very coarsely painted on the rough
stone, and seems to contain some mistakes in
writing. It is a repetition of scenes which we
have already seen on the sarcophagi of two other
princesses, Kauit and Henhenit, and of Kemsit
herself.'
PI. III. is what one sees in front of the
entrance. Kemsit is black as usual ; behind her
arc two attendants, one doing her hair as we
.saw for Kauit (I., PI. XX.), and one liolding a
' Pfirt I., p. 48 ir.
big feather to be used as a fan, also on Kauit's
coffin. The offerings brought to Kemsit are
more numerous than on the sarcophagus, there
beiug much more space to paint them. A scene
wliich we did not find on any of the three coffins
is that of the butchers. The inscriptions are
only the name and titles of the princess, and the
catalogue of offerings.
PI. II. gives us the scenes on the sides.
On the right we see Kemsit, to whom an at-
tendant brings some drink. He is followed by
the red cow suckling her calf (I., PI. XX.), the
spotted cow, and the bull. On the other side
Kemsit, holding a lotus, receives various victuals
brought by men.
Above the entrance there is probably a mistake.
Instead of being black, Kemsit here is yellow,
and her hair and dress are those of an attendant.
Two women bring her a vase, a basket, and
living animals, and at the end a man milks the
spotted cow (I., Pis. XX. and XXII.), who seems
to come out of the river.
The representations on the sarcophagus of
Kemsit were much more complete and better
done than this wall-painting.
Kemsit's mummy, with her head turned on
one side in a manner usual under the Xlth
Dynasty (like the Cairo mummy of Amenit, also a
priestess, aud found near Deir el-Bahari), is, as has
already been mentioned,' in the British Museum
(no. 41853), with the fragments of her beautiful
shrine and sarcophagus (nos. 1450 and 43037).
■' Tart I., p. .50.
10
THE XIth dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAIIARI.
CHAPTEB III.
THE STATUES OF SENUSRIT III.
By II. R. Hall.
Next to the fragments of tlie Xllth Dynasty
shrines and the magnificent XVIIIth Dynasty
Cow of Ilathor the most important discovery
made durinir the excavation is that of the six
statues of Senusrit III. (Xllth Dynasty). These
have ah-eady })een described shortly, and the
circumstances of their discovery rehited, in Den-
el-Bahari: XIth J)i/iiasf_i/,I.,-p. 37 ; photographs
of the four most complete figures were published
in the same volume (PI. XIX.). A large picture
of the best-preserved portrait (B.M., no. 685)
was also given in the second volume (PI. II.).
This fine photograph was taken l>y Mr. Macbeth
in the gallery of the British Museum, to which
this figure was assigned. In the present volume
two photographs (Pis. I. and XXI.) of a less well-
preserved but even more striking portrait of the
king, also one of the set of three statues pre-
sented to the British Museum (no. G8G), is
given, with one of the single figure kept at
Cairo (PI. XXI. (//)). The first two of these
photographs were taken by Mr. Macbeth, the
third by Brugsch Pasha.
It will be evident from the pliotographs that
these portrait-statues are monuments of the first
class, splendid examples of the art of the Xllth
Dynasty, and among the finest Egyjitian royal
portraits that exist. Those in the British
Museum are wortliy companions of the great
head, one of two previously found for the Fund
by M. Naville at Bubastis,^ wliicli, though it has
been assigned in turn to the Ilykso.s kings Apepi
' JJiibatilin, Pis. X., xi.
and Khian, is almost certainly, judging by its
style, also a portrait of a Xllth Dynasty king,
perhaps x\menemhat III. The figure of Plate I.
and Plate XXI. (a) has the most remarkable
portrait of all, and is certainly the finest.
Tlic difl'erences between the portraits arc
easily seen from the photographs. The difi'er-
ence between (a) and (A) of PI. XXI. is specially
marked, yet not so great that they cannot be
recognized as portraits of the .same man, at
different periods of his life : {(i) shows the king
as a middle-aged man, (A) as a young man. In
(a) we have the rounded contour of youth, in {!>)
the strongly-lined features of age. AVe know
that l)oth do represent the same man : all the
figures bear the prenomen of Senusrit III., clearly
cut, and over no erasure ; they are all portraits
of King " Khakaura," whose name they bear.
They must therefore have been made at difi'erent
periods of the king's life, unless we suppose that
they are different sculptors' impressions of the
royal visage, some more, some less fiattering to
him. With the exception of the Cairo head,
which is tamer than the others (])eing perhaps
the youngest), the portraits certainly show very
much the kind of face that we should imagine
the great king to have possessed, a hard, " dour"
visage, with keen eyes and determined mouth,
a fiice far more intelligent than those of many
later pharaohs. The same impression is given
by other portraits of the king : that found by
JNI. Legrain at Karnak and now at Cairo,'^ and
- Legkain, Cat. Gen. Masee ihi Cnire : Statues de Eoin,
I, p. 8, PL vi.
THE STATUES OF SENUSRIT III.
11
the two discovered by Prof. Petric at Abydos/
oue of which is phiccd uear the Deir cl-Bahari
figures in the British Museum (no. G08). These
show Scuusrit as an old man, and the features
have become sterner with age.
This is indeed the conqueror of the Nul)ians and
Negroes, the buihler of Semneh and Kummeh,
who set up that extraordinary inscription now at
Berlin :" "I have made my boundary, my going
up-stream, farther than my fathers ; I have added
to what was decreed to me ; I, the king, I say it
and I have done it. What my licart conceived
my hand brought to pass And if any
one of my sons shall have maintained this
boundary made by my Majesty, he is verily my
son, begotten by my Majesty myself
but if he shall have slackened it and not fought
for it, no son of mine is he, and none begotten
by me. And behold ! my Majesty hath caused
to be made a statue of my Majesty upon this
boundary made by my Majesty, not desiring
that ye sIkjuUI venerate it, but that ye should
figlit for it!"^ Later pharaohs often placed
' AhyiloK, i., PI. Iv., 6, 7 ; iii., PI. xii., 4, 5.
2 L., D., III., PI. 13C.
□ED □
X
V A/\/v\A^ r^T'.A/s/sr^
9"
egotistical iu.scriptions on their monuments, but
none with the simple force and directness of this
of Seuusert's. We seem, indeed, to hear in it an
echo of tlie inscriptions assigned to Sesostris and
Osymandyas l)y the Greek historians. And if
Senusert talked like the legendary Sesostris, his
visage, as shown in these statues, is very much
what we may imagine that of a Sesostris to have
been.
The king stands erect before the gods of Deir
el-Bahari, Hathor and the deified Neb-hapet-Ra
]\Ientuhetep, with his hands resting before him
on the triangular apron of his waist-cloth. lie
wears the klaft and uraeus, but is without the
false beard. On the belt of the waist-cloth is
his prenomen, fQ^Yli '^"^1 from it hangs an
ornament, no doubt of gold and jewel-beads,
with on either side of it a royal uraeus. Hanging
bv a string of beads from his neck is the remark-
able pin and knot amulet which is seen on other
statues of this king and period.* At the
back of each figure is a j^linth with the royal
titles ; "Ilorus Neter-Kheperu ("Divine of
Existences"), insilij/n'' [" King of Upper and
Lower Egypt"), Kiiakauha ("The doubles
of Pva appear"), given life, power, and
stability like Ua for ever." Of this in-
scription only the upper part, as far as the
end of the second cartouche, is preserved
in the best of the statues : the completion
we know from the lower portion of one in
the British Museum (see below), which also
shows us that the king stood in conven-
tional fashion on the "Nine Bows," repre-
sentins the surrounding barbarian nations.
■* This amulet lias been discussed by Prof. Waldemar
Schmidt, P.S.B.A., 1906, pp. 2(38, 209. He illustrates a
statue in the Copenhagen Glyptothek, on which it occurs.
No actual specimen of it has ever been found. We do not
know its significance, but no doubt it was a magical " pro-
tection." At this period it appears only on royal statues,
but in later days we find it on small bronze figures of
deities, e.g., a Ptolemaic Harpokrates in the Pierpont
Morgan Collection.
'•' We now know the proper vocalization of the signs
C 2
\
m
71
o
Q
uu
u
^- >
o
12
THE XIth dynasty TEMPLE AT DRTR EL-BAHARI.
Tlie bodies of the figures are strictly con-
ventional, and the nrnis disproportionately
long. The interest of the statues lies entirely
in the head. AVe notice the enormous size
of the ears (a characteristic of other royal
statues of this period), forced forward by
the folds of the klaft ; but the rest of the
face is in each case correctly proportioned, and
evidently as faithful a portrait as the artist
TiSR *'" '"''"' ^""O"^ "■ cuneiform letter found at Boghaz Kyoi
(Ranke, Ahhamll. k. j). AJcad., 1910, p. 10), which reproduces
the phrase as insibya. The apparent transposition of the n
and s in the value of the sign I has been explained by Setiie,
A.Z., xli.x. (1911), p. 15 ft'., who has shown that the value of
X is not stn {suten) but nst [uenut), the word being n-gt, and
meaning originally " Possessor of the Reed."
could achieve. In the treatment of the uraeus
the Cairo statue differs somewhat from the rest :
on this head it is smaller than on the others.
This may perhaps be a point in favour of the
view, which might be urged, that the Cairo
statue was executed by a different sculptor, a
man without the force of the artist who achieved
the splendid portrait of the London head which
is next to that at Cairo on Plate XXI.
The heads of two and the legs of all the
figures have entirely disappeared. The feet of
one were recovered, and are in the British
Museum (no. 7G8). The two headless torsos
remain at Deir el-Bahari.
Originally the statues must have stood about
six feet in height. Those in London measure, as
they are now, from 4 ft. to 4 ft. G ins. in height.
The material of all is black granite.
i:!
CHAPTER IV.
THE SMALLER OBJECTS.
By II. R. Hall.
The smaller objects of the Xlth Dynasty found
in the tombs of the princesses have already been
described in Part I. No other objects of the
same date as the building of the temple were
found, with the possible exception of a fragment
of pottery discovered beneath the red granite
eastern threshold ; this has already been illus-
trated in Part I., PI. X.
The enormous number of small objects found
loose in the rubbish overlying the building date
for the most part to the period of the XVIIIth
and XlXth Dynasties. Tliose found in the dust-
layer immediately overlying the Platform seem
to be exclusively of the XVIIIth Dynasty.
Higher up in the dust here were found baskets,
wooden mallets, and other implements of the
destroyers who pulled the temple to pieces in
late Ramesside times, as well as occasional poor
burials and packets of viscera, &c., in pots, buried
in the ruins at a still later date. Above every-
thing, and close to the great temple in which
the Coptic monastery of St. Phoebammou was
established, were discovered the contents of a
Coptic dust-heap, chiefly ostraka.
Farther east, in the lower Colonnades, were
found a large number of sketches on slips of
limestone which are Ramesside, and still farther
eastward Demotic ostraka and fragments of
XXXth Dynasty iishabtis.
The XVIIIth Dynasty Votive Offerings.
Of all these smaller objects the most import-
ant are the XVIIIth Dynasty votive offerings,
summarily described in Pt. I., p. 17. These are
usually connected with the worship of Hathor,
and only in a minor degree with that of Amen-
Ra, or that of the deified king Mentuhetep.
It would seem that they are the relics of the
innumerable offerings of the common people to
the rock-cut shrine of the great goddess of Deir
el-Bahari, which, when damaged or broken, or
when the shrine became too full of them, were
cast out by the sacristans chiefly into the de-
serted courts of the funerary temple of Mentu-
hetep below, though a certain number of similar
objects were found during the excavation of the
Great Temple itself The offerings are made of
cheap materials, blue glazed steatite or faience,
wood, and bronze. Those of ivory and the
precious metals were naturally not thrown away.
The presence of unfinished objects may possibly
point to the existence of a regular factory of
votive offerings close by ; even glazed faience
seems to have been fabricated within the sacred
precincts. We can imagine a town of booths for
the sale of these offerings crowding round the
famous sanctuary, as, for instance, they crowd
round such a modern holy place as the Austrian
Mariazell.
That these otierings should be of the time of
the XVIIIth Dynasty, the most flourishing
period of Hathor's sanctuary, is natural enough.
The majority can be dated between the reigns of
Amenhetep I. and Amenhetep II., not only by
their general style, and especially by the colour
of the blue faience of which they are made, but
also by the fact that almost all the scarabs
found among them, and all the other inscribed
objects, are demonstrably of this date. The
14
THE XItu dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAIIARI.
make and style of a scarab of the first half of
the XVIIIth Dynasty is unmistakeable, and of
all those found during the excavation of Mentu-
hetep's temple, only one, which bears the name
of Khakaura Senusrit III., is older than this
pci'iod.' No scarabs of later date than the reign
of Amenhcteji II. at latest were found. The
characteristic scarabs, rings, and utjtit-cyea of
the reign of Amenhetep III., so common in the
ruins of his palace near JMcdinet Ilabu, are re-
presented by one broken specimen, and nothing
whatever of the XlXth Dynasty was discovered.
The commonest royal name is, as might have
been expected, that of Hatshepsu, whi(;h occurs
also inscribed on cartouche-shaped plaques of
characteristic style, and inscribed on mciuits (the
1 emblem of Hathor).
The votive cows, heads of Ilathor, and so
forth, are of the same glaze and faience as these
scarabs, plaques, and 7ncn<tts, and were always
found with them. Further, the scarabs were
often found strung with these votive objects
and with beads of the same (glazed faience to
form a necklace to be presented to the goddess ;
a typical example is no. 41134 of the British
Museum (PI. XXV., in Fig. 2).
There can therefore be no doubt as to the ase
of the majority of these offerings, which are
characteristic of the worship of Hathor during
the first half of the XVIIIth Dynasty, and are
found not only at Deir el-Bahari, but at Hatlior-
shrines at places so far apart as Sarabit el-Khadim
in Sinai" and Faras in Nubia on the border of
the Sudan. ^ The blue glaze amulets from Sinai
and Nul)ia arc exactly the same as those from
Deir el-Bahari.
' A spherical blue faience head with the name of
Sankhkara, now in the liritish Museum (no. 41138), was
apparently, hut not certainly, found in the temple. The
scarab of Senusrit III. is contemporary with that king; it
bears unmistakable signs of long wear.
- Petuie, Researches in Sinai.
^ As is shown by the recent excavations of Mr. P. Ll.
Griffith.
The commonest offering of all was a figure of
the Ilathor-cow, either in the round or in relief,
inci-sed, or in outline, on a plaque pierced for
suspension. The figures in the round are of
wood, rough clay baked or unbaked, and of fine
blue faience. They vary in excellence from a
sliapeless lump of clay round a stick and crudely
painted, to a fine little figure of blue glazed
faience, often with the name of the goddess in
black. The wooden cows are often much larger
than the pottery ones. The plaques are of
green and blue glazed steatite and faience, and
of thin bronze. The steatite plaques are often
of very quaint and crude workmanship ; one
relief plaque, which is left unglazed, might
indeed hardly be taken for Egyptian work at all.
On this object, as on others of the same kind,
we see the cow in a papyrus-brake, as she is so
coustantly represented. In others (*'.//., B.M.,
no. 41059), incised, we see two cows, face to
face, with a budding lily between them.
The goddess is not represented in human
form. The numerous nude female figures of
baked clay and of blue faience, with prominent
breasts, are symbolical of the worship of Ilathor;
we may call theni Ilathoric figures, but they are
not figures of Ilathor. Her human face with
cow's ears, in the conventional fetish-form,
occurs, of course, constantly, usually as part of
an imitation sistrum, of blue fiiience, once (B.M.,
no. 47797) of ebony (?). The faience Hathor-
heads are sometimes very well made. The crude
forms are very interesting, and a series of four,
showing a eirsccmlo of crudity, is in the B.M.
(nos. 41088—41091). These have the heavy
volute locks at the side of the face, derived from
a female coiffure of the Xllth Dynasty, but
some of the finest are without these appendages.
Both the cow and the head appear very often
on the fine votive bowls, of which only fragments
have naturally been found in the dust-heap of
the shrine (PI. XXVII. , Fig. 2). Here the cow
is always shown with the stars upon her tianks,
as in the great image discovered in 190G ; in
THE SMALLER OBJECTS.
15
front of her neck hangs the great ornament of
the ncckhicc, which is counterwcighted by the
mcndt behind.
The sacred cow occurs also in the round as
an ornament on the edges of vases of coarse
earthenware, the curious vessels rescmliling the
Greek kcrnol, of which many fragments have
been found. These wei'e certainly votive. Round
the edge of a large bowl were perched numerous
small model vases, often of sack-like form, and
usually alternating with the rude figures of the
cow (PI. XXXII. 16). Another form was a
hollow rinjj on which vases and cows larger than
those on the bowls were placed. The pottery
was sometimes left unpainted, sometimes painted
with red, blue, and yellow stripes. It has been
suggested that the miniature vases were used to
burn incense, as some of them show traces of
fire within. The poor devotee would buy one of
these kernol or ring-stands with the cups and
cows upon it, and offer it to the goddess with
the incense of his supplication burning before
her miniature images.
Other votive crocks of the same style were
rough double or triple vases (fWl) , joined to-
gether at the neck and base. A third type was
decorated with painted knobs and button-like
rosettes representing flowers, projecting from
the edges of the pot often to a distance of half
an inch or more (PI. XXIII. 3). This pottery is
very interesting in its evident imitation of the
great gold vases, with the flowers springing
from them, which we see depicted on the
walls of XVIIIth Dynasty tombs ; the yellow
paint with which it is plentifully besmeared is
sufficient evidence of what it was intended to
represent : it was the best imitation of the
oflerings of the great that the poor fellah could
afford to buy. The flowers are usually blue, in
imitation of lapis lazuli or turquoise.^ Interest-
' Incidentally it may be noted tliat this pottery, with its
projecting flowers, is an argmnent against the theory that
would make the long-stalked flowers represented .springing
ing, also, is the elaboration in the kmioi of little
pots superimposed upon big pots, which has
survived in the work of the village potter of
Upper Egypt to this day ; and the great mud
cups, sometimes standing five feet high, which
the fellah erects in the yard of his hovel to act
as cupboards (and also safe roosts for children,
fowls, and dogs, which snakes and scorpions
cannot scale), are often decorated in the same
way with rows of small cups along the edge, and
sometimes each of these has its own set of
miniatures on its rim.
A form of votive offering peculiar, apparently,
to Deir el-Bahari, is a cloth, usually measuring
several inches across, covered with a thin plaster
paste, on which are painted scenes connected
with the worship of Ilatlior and also of Nel)-
hepet-Ra jMeutuhetep. We see the devotees re-
presented, sometimes with their families, offering
to the Holy Cow or to the solitary figure of the
deified king, sometimes to both. Some fine
specimens of these votive cloths^ seem to have
been found here by natives in past years. Those
found during the course of the present excava-
tions are of a smaller type, on which only the
cow and the devoter appear, often the cow alone.
One, a long fringed cloth, 19 ins. by Sins.,
narrower at one end than at the other,
shows five women ofterinij to the cow, who
appears coming out of the mountain. Their
names, mostly illegible, are written above.
On another, a square piece (diam. 7^ ins.), we
see the offering of the lady Nubemari to
Hathor, who is represented in human form,
from the gold vases in the frescos mere attempts to re-
present the internal decoration of the vases. We may
doubt if the projecting flowers were so long-stalked as tliey
are represented as being ; and possibly they really projecterl
not vertically but laterally, as in these humble ceramic
imitations, but the artist could not represent them except
as vertical. In any case the vases thus decorated could be
of no practical use, but were merely splendid works of art,
which the pottery ex-votos of the fcllahin followed longo
inlcrvaUo.
'' In the collection of Mr. H. de Uustafjaell.
16
THE XIth dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
r^
i
seated on a throne. Above is the inscription
. ,;_-, . On a third (measuring 7 ins.
H w i across), more delicately painted,
we see a similar offering by a
lady, whose name is effaced, to
the cow " Hathor in Thebes," who is shown
amid the bulruslics. Behind the worshipper is
the sacred persea-tree. The colours used in these
painted offerings are red, yellow, blue, and black.
The nude female figures already referred to
were a very usual form of votive offering
(PI. XXIV. 2). They are more generally made
of common earthenware than of glazed ware,
and vary greatly in style : the finest are often
very pretty (('.//. B.M., no. 41107). The usual
conception is that of a female figure with a
curious circular concave head-dress, with a row
of holes along its upper edge, frtmi which beads
were intended to dangle. At the sides of the
face are the folds of a sort of hood. This fine
type, also found at Faras, is coarsened into the
broad-hipped, goggle-eyed monstrosity of the
general type, known also from Mesopotamia,
Cyprus, and other lands, as well as from Egypt.
In the fine type the breasts are not very pro-
minent ; in the coarser they are huge, and some-
times they have a convoluted object twisted round
them, which may be a necklace or a snake, and
reminds us strongly of the Cretan bare-breasted
snake-goddess, of whom images were found by
Sir Arthur Evans at Knossos. The breasts
occur as an amulet, either separately or together
on a plaque. Among the small votive amulets the
■inendt, or counterweight of a necklace, which is
commonly represented on figures of the sacred
cow, became a regular emblem of the goddess, and
is found here in faience and wood. The faience
mendts are inscril)ed, usually with names or titles
either of the goddess or of Queen Ilatshepsu. The
wooden ones are very roughly made, and have
little ornament but one or two stripes of red paint.
The small plaques of thin bronze, usually
pierced for suspension, which have already been
mentioned ;i,rc common here. Besides the figure
of the cow, a common device upon them is the
double ufjdt, ^^^^, often with the sign I
between, ^^I^^§,- The human car, ^, often
occurs' (PI. XXIV. 4, 5).
This ear, and the eye as well in its simple
form, <2>-, arc common as separate amulets,
sometimes in bronze, once in wood (B.M.),
usually in blue glazed ware. Sometimes the
eye and ear are together on a faience plaque
(B.M., no. 41079). They occur at Faras also.
It is possible that they were dedicated as votives
for the cure of deafness and blindness, but more
probable that they are pictorial supplications to
the deity to hear the petitions and watch over
the safety of the devotee. Perhaps the two
ideas were confused. In modern times exactly
similar amulets, of silver, are made and used in
Greece ; and these are certainly devoted in order
to obtain the cure of disease."
The ear and the eye appear in the cults of
other deities besides Hathor, notably Ptah at
]\Iemphis.^ The other amulets here mentioned
are, however, exclusively Hathoric, or have a
possible connection with Amen ; amulets ex-
clusively connected with other deities, such as the
u of Osiris, never occur at Deir el-Bahari.
It has been observed (p. 14, above) that the
scarabs were often found strung with beads, and
the same is the case with many of the amulets,
plaques, &c. In all prol)ability they were usually
worn on the person, and we can imagine the
ancient peasant carrying his faience amulet in a
1 Several .small pl.aques of this type liave been in tlie
Louvre for many years, but they do not seem to be of
frequent occurrence in other collections.
- In Greece the usage is ancient enough : small oye.s and
ears of the same kind as those found at Deir el-Bahari,
but of gold, were found in the archaic Artemis-temple at
Epbesus (Vlll-VIIth cent. li.c). Specimens are in the
British Museum (Hor.AnTii, Ephesuti, p. 108, PI. vii. ;
Marshall, B.M. Catalogue uf Jewelleri/, p. 70, PI. ix.).
^ PuTKiE, Memphis, I., pp. 7, 8 ; Pis. ix.-xiii. On a
stele in the British Museum (no. 27G), which came from
the Belmore Collection in 1843, we see four eyes and two
ears behind the seated figure of Haroeris, " lord of heaven,
prince of the circle of tlio gods."
THE SMALLER OBJECTS.
17
leather case tied rouud him, just as his modern
descendant does, or the child with liis little
bronze plaque hanging from a string of beads
round his neck. Those found at Deir el-Bahari
were either stock of the priestly vendors as yet
unbought, or had been dedicated by their owners,
who no doubt immediately replaced them by
successors, as no Egyptian would go long without
his y, or "protection," and liked to wear almost
as many amulets in life as he did when dead.
The small necklaces over which the amulets
were often found strung consist usually of dark
and sky-blue "faience"' beads, spherical, discoid,
or cylindrical. Blue glass and glass paste
spherical beads were also found. The spherical
beads of faience are sometimes corrugated, and
these are often double or triple. Long seg-
mental beads occur,* of an interesting type
identical with similar "faience" or "frit" beads
found in deposits of the Middle Bronze Age in
Crete and in AVestern Europe, even so far as
Britain, as for example at Lake and Tan Hill, in
Wiltshire.^ There can be little doubt that the
blue segmental l)eads from Lake and Tan Hill
arc of Egyptian make, and so date at earliest to
a])Out 1500 }!.c. They are found in Egypt as
' I retain the word "faience" for the Egyptian glazed
ware, on account of its convenience, though Mr. Burton
has recently pointed out (Jonrn. R. Sac. Arts, vol. Ix. (1912),
pp. 593 ff.) that the Egyptian ware is not a true faience at
all, but practically sand, held together hy some gum or other
binding material. This view seems more or less in agree-
ment with that of Prof. v. Bissing, who describes Egyptian
" faience " as " eine stark kieselsandhaltige Masse mit
einer blaugrunen Kupferglasur" ((7a<. Gen. Musee du Cairo:
Fnyenccge/asse, p. vii.). Other colours besides blue-green
were of course used at certain periods, notably the end of
the XVIIIth Dynasty. But at Deir el-Bahari, in the
time of llatshepsu and Thothmes III., they are still rare.
- B.M., no. 48101, a necklace, contains good specimens
(PI. XXVIII. 8).
■* See Sril. Mus. Guide : Antiquities of the Bronze Age,
p. 96 ; Evans, Proc. Sac. Ant., xxii. (1908), p. 127 ; Aber-
CROMBY, Journ. Anihrop. Inst., xxxv. (190.5), pp. 256 fT. ;
Bronze Age Pottery of Great Britain and Inland (Oxford,
1912), p. 66. These beads are often erroneously described
as being of glass.
late as about 1200 B.C., probably. That they
were imported into Britain long after the period
1500-1200 B.C. is hardly likely.
"Barrel" beads of faience are less common:
they often have fragments of turquoise blue
glass powdered on their glaze. The discoid
beads were often elaborately strung, so as to
present their faces, not their edges. The strings
are sometimes of plaited leather. Innumerable
loose beads were found, so many that, coupled
with the fact that they are often unfinished and
that unperforated drops and sticks of glaze occur,
it has been surmised that a factory of blue
glaze may have existed here, on the spot, in the
temple. This is not impossible. A curious form
of bead, common here, is made of small pieces of
reed bent into shape (PI. XXVIL 6). The ends
of the necklaces were usually formed by large
hollow balls of -faience (measuring 1 in. to 1|- in.
diameter), with segmental decoration in dark
and light blue. Before the present excavations,
the purpose of the balls of this kind which had
been discovered elsewhere was unknown, and
they were often supposed to have been orna-
ments suspended from ceilings (like the ostrich-
eggs of the Arabs). We see, however, from
specimens actually found at the ends of necklaces
here,'' what their real purpose was. A peculiar
use for broken cylindrical beads was found by
sticking them into circular cakes of mud, Hat
above and rouud lielow (having been made in a
pot), which were a common votive offering of the
poorest. There can be little doubt that these
objects are intended to represent loaves of bread.
All kinds of small thincrs in blue faience were
found besides those mentioned above — models
of persea fruit, bunches of dark grapes, trefoil
pendants, tiny ostrich-feather fans, u/ja(-eyes,
rosettes, and so forth, innumerable.
The blue glazed faience bowls seem to have
been as great a feature of the votive offerings at
Deir el-Bahari as were the amulets and figures of
B.M., no. 4112(5.
D
18
THE XItu dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
the goddess. Usually they were plain bowls of
the same general type as the magnificent perfect
specimen in the British Museum (no. 4790). Only
fragments were found (Pis. XXVI., XXVII. 2).
Moustache-cups (with ledges on the rims) occur.
Besides the cows and Ilatlior-heads already men-
tioned, the designs consisted chiefly of repre-
sentations of fish, papyrus-plants, spiral, zigzag,
and scale desisxns. The scales and zigzags, in
alternating dark and light blue inlay (PI. XXVI.,
in Figs. 2, .3), almost like chnsonni' enamel, are
very characteristic. Flat tiles or plaques in l)lue
glaze, some intended for inlaying, are common.
Fragments of unglazed painted ware vases
were found, often decorated witli polychrome
plant-designs recalling, noii lont/o intervdllo, the
contemporary naturalistic plant-designs of the
Cretan pottery of the first Late Minoan period.
The Egyptian designs can perhaps hardly be called
really naturalistic, except in .so far as the treat-
ment of the leaves and flowers arc concerned ;
each plant springs from a conventional base, and
is placed with its fellows in a formal row, after the
manner of a wall-dado (PI. XXVII. 5). But it
is evident that the naturalistic Minoan designs
were inspired by Egyptian designs of this type.^
Interesting relics of the XVIIIth Dynasty are
the shells found in the deposit of votive ofl'er-
ings. The fruits comprise dum, date, fig, and
nutmeg. The last must have come from the
East, and it, with several of the shells, may well
be relies of Ilatshepsu's expedition to Punt. One
or two bits of coral and r7//^/-gum, also found,
can with little doubt be ascribed to this source.
The XIXth Dynasty Tools, &c.
It has been pointed out (Part I., p. IG) that
the numerous tools, baskets, &c., found amid the
1 A fragment showing a hii-d Hying among tamarisks,
from Phylakopi in Melos (B.M., no. 40973), is suggestive
of the egyptizing designs of birds among reeds. B.M.,
nos. 40975 — 7 .show typical polychrome representations of
flowers. On no. 10978 spots of the uncommon colour
green occur.
stone chips above the stratum containing the
votive offerings must be of Ramesside date, as it
is only after the reign of Ramesses II. that the
destruction of the temple can have been begun.
These objects are of well-known types — wooden
mallets and levers, hoes, baskets, and so forth.
Their good state of preservation is remarkable,
especially in the case of the ba.skets and mats
(PI. XXVIII.). Even cakes of bread and a
small bird, relics of the workmen's meals, were
found in the debris. A fine three-cornered loaf
(PI. XIX.) is po.ssibly of earlier date ; perhaps
thrown out of a violated Xlth Dynasty tomb.
Specially worthy of note are (PI. XXIX.) a
fine copper chisel with hardened edge, now at
Cairo, a small graving tool mounted in a wooden
handle (possibly of the XVIIIth Dynasty, and
used for cutting the fine hieroglyphs in Ilat-
shepsut's temple), and a mallet (Brit. J\[us., no.
41187) with the owner's mark, +^A
To the same period, or perhaps rather earlier,
the time of Rameses II.'s restorations, belong
the numerous slips of limestone (dahsh), usually
called ostraka, with artist's sketches upon them.
AVe sec designs for ceiling-decorations, a bullock
walking, a man " smelling the ground " (before
Pharaoh), a king or noble seated on a throne
beneath which is an ape, and other similar
pictures. The numerous similar "ostraka" with
hieratic inscriptions, which date from the XVIIIth
to the XXth Dynasty, must, owing to want of
•space, be reserved for future publication. I may,
however, mention here a hieratic note of the
XVIIIth Dynasty, which is curious ; it reads —
//A
(i^MajLi^
'?7«*^t>
.«»-
^^qpi^-riiT
°3«^.<-.-^
Ill
^ I
THE SMALLER OBJECTS.
19
" Let the Assyrian who is working turquoise (or,
making [artificical] turquoise) come with him."
Tliis mention jit Thebes of an Assyrian, pro-
bably a slave captured in one of the I'accie of
Thothmes I., is interesting.
Other miscellaneous inscribed objects of the
XVIIIth Dynasty were found, such as jar-scal-
ings (one with the name of Queen Alcritamou)
and funerary cones. The latter had evidently'
been thrown or washed out of tombs of the
XVIIIth or XXVIth Dynasties on the hill of
Shekli 'Abd cl-Kurna, and in the Hat of the
Asasif,' and, as they have nothing to do with
Deir el-Bahari, are not published here.
Later Ohjects.
The objects of the later Pharaonic period
found are not very interesting. The cottins from
the XXIst Dynasty Ijurials in the graves of the
Xlth Dynasty priestesses have already been
referred to, and are not worth further descrip-
tion. A few demotic ostraka of the Sai'te period
and later were found, some funerary cones,
already mentioned, and some stray XXVIth and
XXXth Dynasty usluildls, thrown out of the big
Sai'te graves on the Hat close by, where el-Asasif
marches with Deir el-Bahari. Two or three
Greek ostraka turned up, and one of them is
worth notice. It is a fragment of a red pot,
inscribed with what appears to be the end of a
letter containing an order, perhaps an oracular
" direction " given " from the lord Amenothes,
the very great god "; or perhaps a simple letter
from the priest, signed as coming from the god.
Amenothes is of course the deified sage Amen-
hetep, son of Ilapu, the " prime minister " of
Amenhetep III., who had long been popularly
regarded as a tutelary daemon of Western
Thebes, and appears, confused with his master
the king Amenhetep, in the pantheon during
1 Cones of Muntemhat and bits of ushabtis of Petu-
umenapot were found.
the Ptolemaic period. Similarly, the earlier
sage lemhetep had been made a god, and both
he and Amenhetep were .specially venerated at
Deir el-Bahari, where the new facing of the cella
of Hatshepsu's temple, put in by Euergetes, has
in.scriptions which tell us much more of Amen-
hetep and lemhctej:) than of Ilathor or Amen.
The Greek transcriptions of their names were
Amenothes and Imouthes. From this ostrakon
it is evident that the popular cult of Amenothes
(with whom even Amen himself had probably
by now been confused) was vigorous at the end
of the first or beginning of the second century
A.D., to which the writing may be dated. The
text reads : —
] KanoL
] Tov TTaai.
a](f>aLpeTco<; tov
Trarepa ei?
Kwva (uSe
vapa rov Kvpt,
ov Ajxcvoi
6ov Qeov
jxeyia-
TOV
The scribe originally wrote Trarepav, but
u 2
20
THE XiTU DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIB EL-BAHAEI.
erased the superHuous v. €19 Kajva must mean
" to Kos," the modern town of Kiis.
An unusual object of the later period is a
limestone stela, found by Mr. Carter at the close
of the previous excavations, on which in high
relief is the figure of a naked bearded man,
holding in his right hand a cestus, and in his
left a dagger. Above are two lines of inscription,
iiiiiiiii AOAIITIIC
fiix HATpoo nAciiiiiov. (B.M., no. 648.)
This " athlete," whose name has perished, son
of Pasemis, was apparently a professional boxer
and kind of gladiator ; his date may be placed
in the second century a.d. He is a strange
figure at Deir el-Bahari, where, however, many
monks had no doubt contended for tlie proud
titles of " athlete of God " and " wrestler of the
Spirit." The word " utlilete " was used by the
monks in this " spiritual " sense, but in the case
of the son of Pasemis it can only be taken in its
"carnal" one.
Coptic Objects.
The Coptic objects (PI. XXXIV.) discovered
were thi'own away as rubbish by the monks of the
monastery of St. Phoebammon, which was estab-
lished over the ruins of tlie temple of Hatshepsu.
The great majority of these objects are ostraka of
limestone or pottery (chiefly containing letters
to the monks, tax-receipts, &a), which had been
thrown away after they had been read. We
have, in fact, found the contents of the monastic
waste-paper basket. These letters and other
documents are of the same type as those pre-
viously discovered here, which have been pub-
lished by Mr. Crum ^ and by the present writer,-
They date from the seventh and eighth centuries
of our era. The letters consist, as was usual,
' W. E. CuujM, Cojitic Ostraha ; special publication of
the Egypt Exploration Fund, 1902.
- H. R. Hall, Coptic and Grech Texts from Ostraka, etc.,
in the British Miisciiiit ; printed by order of the Trustees,
190.5.
r:TGk*Ai iinooior'
liOniCK/ AI'>A AI'>|)AAM
largely of the honorific greeting of the sender to
the receiver, who is " honoured in every way " ;
apologies are made for writing on stone or
pottery in default of paper ('unio-ii VA|vnic) ;
and so on, ending with the address, " Give it to
(taac 11) So-and-So, from the least of monks
(eixTininAAxiGTOc iiuoiiavoc) So-and-So." As
specimens I may give the following here :—
AiioK Yakcoii " I, lakob,
n."jii niincviinioc the son of Pcsynthios,
write to His Holiness
Bishop Father Abra-
ham,
xn ni,"jAii(i-u);')T ma'uot saying: if I see my
father
nnm'iK) (-:(|(0|)ii Pe.synth[ios] and he
sweareth
riiipAM rTnuic; by the name of God,
•l^()iio.\()r(-i I undertake
X(H-iiiiv iiTAAOoc iiAK to couic aud tell thee.
AIIOK Yakcob leoud I, lakob, agree
Aoroi (:-l-2oiioAonA : -|- : to this agreement" : + :
This letter is addressed to the energetic Bishop
Abraham of Erment, who, with the help of his
secretary Apa Victor, seems practically to have
ruled Western Thebes in the middle of the
seventh century. He apparently fixed his head-
quarters in the monastery of Deir el-Bahari.
Another letter may have been addressed to a
superior of the monastery. It is an urgent
command to him to take certain men, probably
monks, and go quickly somewhere, we do not
know for what purpose : the order may have
come from the bishop. It runs :—
'peK;'iAii,\i nti'i maa^, b«i)k "When thou hast re-
ceived this tablet go
TAvir iif<|r r.ApiAc," iiiT swiftly: takeZa[cha?J-
rias and
iiAiiKovK" iAK(c)r. iiM Papkouk, lakob and
.VAiiiiiA iiuiGr.nKiiiATi Daniel and lezekiel :
r(;Tuiui)K CBOA' v.x go yc forth, for
opcuTecrri ye are to find
simiiiiiiiiii!
THE Sl\rALLKR (IB.TIOCTS.
21
Another, of which the text was given in the
Archaeological Report for 1903-4, is a little note
from one priest to another, asking him to take a
service for him. Such are typical examples of
these curious documents, which throw consider-
ate light on the life of the Theban monks and
fiilalun in the days immediately preceding the
Saracen conquest.
The other Coptic objects are of the usual
kind found in late Roman deposits in Egypt :
bits of carved furniture, a leaden inkpot, an
iron lamp, iron keys, fragments of embroidered
cloth, and so forth ; reminding us of the very
similar remains found by Sir M. Aurel Stein
in the sand-buried dwellings and rubbish-
heaps of the Niya and Endere sites in Chinese
Turkestan.^ One object of great interest is a
* See Steik, Ancient Kholan (Oxford, 1907), and Ruins
of Desert Cathay (London, 1912). It is curious to see the
same dominating Roman taste evident in small objects of
the earlier centuries of the Christian era found in Chinese
Turkestan and in Egypt.
piece of an alabaster canopic jar, dating probably
from the early Ptolemaic period, which, after
it had been thrown out of its tomb, broken, and
cast aside, was found by some artistic monk,
who drew upon it, as he would have upon an
ostrakon, a picture of an angel, represented
in a tlowing garment and with wings. The
style is good, and the object interesting, in
view of the date of the sketch, which is,
no doubt, of tlie seventh century or perhaps
earlier.
We have nothing from Deir el-Bahari that
can be dated later than the eiglith century
ivjayia, or tax-receipts, from the monastery
dust-heap. When the monastery was abandoned,
Deir el-Bahari ceased to be inhabited, and was
left by the Muslims to the afrits, tlie ghosts of
those who had built its two splendid temples
and of their successors who had lived from
century to century under tlie shadow of its
mighty cliffs.
n. R. Hall.
Note. — Tlie author of this chapter lias illustrated it chiefly from the objects assigned
to the Britisli IMusouiii and Oxford, owing to his inability to visit tlio numerous otlior
museums, notably tlioso of Aiiiorica, to which largo selections of tho smaller objects from
Deir el-Bahari wore also assigned.
22
TIIK XIth dynasty TKMPLK AT DETR EL-]!AIIA1U.
CHAPTEK V.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
By E. Navillk and II. li Hall.
Pl. I. Statue of Sciiu-'O'it J II. in the Britisli
Museum (no. G86); page 10.
Pis. II. and III. Painting in tlie tomb of
Kemsit ; page 9.
PI. IV. 1. Statue of Tcta; page 1.
2. Statue of JMcnklu'per ; page 2.
3. Statue of Aalimcs called Paten ; page 2.
4. Small statue of Paiseru ; pages 5, G.
5. Statue of Nedjcm ; page 7.
G. Fragment of a crouching limestone statue.
It may have been a royal statue, since it is said
of the man that he takes the atef diadem, and
that he is lord of the double crown.
PI. V. 1. Lower part of seated statue of
Amenemliat ; page 2.
2. Lower part of a small model staircase ;
page 4, PI. VIII. D.
3. Torso of a scribe whose name i.s not known.
The first cartouche of Amenophis II. is on his
right shoulder, and on the pouch on his left
the name of what seems to be the temple of
Amenophis II., Aa-kheperu-Ra mi-Amen, of
which foundation-deposits have been discovered
by Prof. Petrie.
4. Small fragment of a stele speaking of offer-
ings to Ameu-Ra, Ilarmakhis, and Osiris.
5. Small fragment of a liynni to Ilarmakhis
by a man called J^'tasi^'is, probably of late time.
G. Base of a statuette of a priest called
Aahnes.
PI. VI. 1. Stele of Uslhat ; page 3, PI. VIII. e.
2. Stele of nUhum ; page 4, PI. VIII. c.
3. Group in limestone ; page 3, PI. IX. F.
4. Small fragment. A priest of the rank of
■ r offers a wild fowl to his father, who
has the same title, and to his mother, who
seems to jje called III Ni'feru.
PI. VII. 1. Pyramidiou of Dhuti (Thoth).
Early XVIlIth Dynasty ; page 5, PI. XI. B.
2. Pyramidion of DjniicjW. XVIII-XIXtli
Dyna.sty (Brit. Mus., no. 493).
3. Fragment of a stele of a person named
Aakheperka, priest in Astakhouit, and his sons.
4. Foot of the statue of Neferhotep. "XVIIIth
Dynasty.
5. Fragment of a stele, where are seen two
women, who may be either the daughters or the
sisters of the deceased. Early XVIIIth Dynasty.
G. Fragment of a stele very much erased.
7. Part of a stele, showing a man making
libations and burning incense before Hathor.
XVIIIth Dynasty.
8. Frafjment of a stele. A king is seen
between a sitting goddess, who may be ]\Iut,
and Hathor issuing out of her mountain.
XVIIIth Dynasty.
Pis. VIII. -XL Inscriptions belonging to the
monuments of the preceding plates ; pages 1-8.
E. N.
PI. XII. Fragments of sculptures from the
temple of ]\Ientuhetep similar to those published
in Part 1., Pis. XII.-XVI.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
23
1. Dotails of the headdress. Au actual ex-
ample of this Hower headdress is iu the Leyden
Museum.^
2. Face of the kincf showinir front of the
same headdress.
3. Profile of a kiug ; iuscriptiou, "Protection
of Life around him ! "
4. Eoughly-cut inscription, " Son of the Sun,
Mentu[lietcp] ....," on a square pier of coarse
Ijrowii sandstone. From a colonnade.
5. Part of tlie royal name in tlie coloured high
relief: tine limestone. From a shrine.
G. Young prince (?) being led by a tutor.
7. A representation of the god Set. Very
rare at this early period.
8. Fragment of an inscription from an
architrave : blue-grey sandstone. The signs
9. Fine limestone fragment. Row of kheker
ornaments above the word " incense."
10. The snake of the North, Puto, rises from
the papyrus-plant.
11. Plant decoration : convolvulus.
PI. XIII. 1. Three heads of foreign enemies,
one behind the other.
2, 3. Foreign enemies. The curious necklaces
are remarkable. (British Museum.)
4. Oti'cring a liquid to a princess. This
fragment comes from one of the shrines.
(Ashmolean Museum.)^
5. Negro bringing tribute of a precious metal
in rings ; probably r^ ascin or f'(tin, pale gold
or an alloy of silver and gold. (Ashmolean
Museum.)
6. Egyptian male head.
7. Shows how the ropes were tied on the
boats.
1 Cf. BoKSEK, A. Z., xlv. (1908), p. 30.
^ [These foreigners are evidently Semites in 1 , and those
of 2 and 3 are certainly Libyans, while the man offerin"
in 4 is i)crhai)s recognizable by his turned-up beard as a
Puuitc,— H. H. 11.]
PI. XIV. 1. Xlth Dynasty sandstone frag-
ments of female figures in high relief as pilasters
in the outer upper colonnade of the temple.
2. Large limestone fragment : royal lion
treading down enemies. Found in part of the
north lower colonnade. Date uncertain, possibly
Xlth Dynasty.
3. Head of Menephtah Siphtah. XlXth
Dynasty. From the facing of the pyramid on
the platform (Part II., I'l. X., p. 12).
4. Figure of king from a small stele, probably
of the XVIIIth Dynasty.
5. Unknown figure, perhaps funerary, perhaps
Ptah or Osiris. The peculiar fringed robe is
remarkable.
G. Part of a kneeling statue holdiufc the head
of Hathor.
7. Unfinished votive stele : the cow of Hathor
witli a table of offerino's.
8. Upper part of a small votive stele with the
head of Hatlior. In the pylon headdress are
three hawks (see PI. XXXII. 1).
PI. XV. 1. The stele of Senusrit III. (Usert-
sen) is that which was found at tlie entrance of
the sul)tcrranean passage, the copy and trans-
lation of whicli have been published (see Part I.,
PI. XXIV., p. 58 ff.).
2. The painted temple-relief, of yellow Silsila
sandstone, shows a princess, under whose arm is
a. boy liaving the name of Sa-IIathor. Her
dress is like that of the princesses to whom
the shrines were dedicated. XVIIIth Dynasty ;
from the forehall of the Ilathor-speos (Pt. I.,
p. 3G). (British Museum, no. 77G.)
3. Stele of an official called Tliothmes. He is
seen before Osiris and Isis, but the dedicatory
inscription speaks also of offerings to Harmakhis-
Tum, the lord of Thebes. XVIIIth Dynasty.
(British Museum, no. 170.)
4. Thothmes III. and Hathor. The goddess
holds the sign of life before the nostrils of the
king. XVIIIth Dynasty (from a liuilding of
Thothmes III.).
24
THE XIth dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
PI. XVI. 1. Name of a sanctuary of Tliotli-
mes I., called Aa-kheper-ka-Ra khnumlt ankh
("joined to the life of Aaklieperkara "). XVIIItli
Dynasty.
2. Fragment of Rameses II. (p. 6, PI. XI. c).
3. Small limestone Ilathor column-capital.
This is the usual form of the head of the goddess,
which is often given to the sistrum. Probably
votive.
5. A piece of the floor of the lower colonnade,
with a roughly-cut representation of the feet of a
pilgrim, where may be read mJ c>) 00 v ' • • "'
the porter (?) lu . . ., [or ^^^(j "^^^ the
guardian Huia. — H. R. IL] ; the other graffito is
that of a priest, f | aaaaaa .... Such records of
the visits of pilgrims are not uncommon on the
paving-stones of Egyptian temples (see Pt. I.,
p. 25).
E. N.
H. R. H.
PI. XVII. 1. British Museum, no. 40953.
Black granite head of a votive statue, found in
the rubbish overlying the temple, representing
a man with shaven head and no wiu". Heicht
4 ins. Probably early XVIIIth Dynasty or
before.
2. British JMuseum, no. 41044. White lime-
stone : upper part of a votive figure of a priestess,
"fan-bearer of the image of the cod "
Good work, showing details of the headdress
well. At the side of the plinth at the back is
represented the ostrich -feather fan which the
priestess bore in the processions of the image
which she served. Height 8 ins. XVIIIth
Dynasty.
PI. XVIIl. 1. British Museum, no. 40954.
Close-grained yellow limestone : head of a votive
figure of a man in heavy wig. Somewhat
damaged and smeared with black paint. Height
4 ins. Possibly Middle Kingdom, but more
probably early XVIIIth Dynasty.
2. Black granite head of a man in short wig.
XVIIIth Dynasty.
3. Grey sandstone head of a man ; face painted
red and wis: black. Middle Kingdom?
4. White limestone head of a man with shaven
head. Fine work. XVIIIth Dynasty.
5. British Museum, no. 43132. Small white
limestone head of a man : very fine style. The
hair is represented as natural, not a wig : it is
moderately long, and the top of the head is
shown as bald. The face is very expressive.
The right side of the head is broken away.
Height 3^ ins. XVIIIth Dynasty.
G. British Museum, no. 40955. Small white
limestone head of a man, crude style, with the
top of the head spread out in an unnatural
fashion. The features are almost obliterated.
Height 2h in.s.
PI. XIX. Objects from the ka-Unn\) of king
Mentuhetep : 1. the painted wooden top of a
canopic jar, roughly carved (Britisli iVIuseum,
no. 47G28). 2. A model boat with rowers
(America) ; two wooden men from the royal
funerary furniture, and one from another tomb,
with a model .sv7L7i'6'»i-sceptre (British Museum,
nos. 47G39, 47640, 40913, and 47G42) ; a set of
wooden model vases from the ^v/-tomb (British
Museum) ; and a triangular loaf of l)rcad (British
IMuseum, no. 40942), measuring 9 ius. by 7i ins.,
which I found myself in the rubbish immediately
overlying a plundered XIth Dynasty tomb on
the north lower court, between the two temples.
Odds and ends from tlie XIth Dynasty burial
were found with the loaf, and I have little doultt
that it is a " funeral meal " of that pcricnl.
PI. XX. Human skulls from XIth Dynasty
burials: 1. From Tomb 3 (Part I., p. 44).
2. From Tomb 2 {!/>., p. 43). 3. From Tomb 4
{i/>., p. 45). Nos. 1 and 3 arc those of females;
no. 2, the only complete one, is that of a man.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
25
No. 1 is iu the British Museum, uo. 2 in the
Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, no. 3
went to America. (In the photographs nos. 1
and 3 stand upon an ancient wooden model
tub (?) from an Xlth Dynasty grave.)
PI. XXI. The upper part of two portrait-
statues of Seuusrit III. (see ch III.) : (a) in the
British Museum, (b) at Cairo.
PI. XXII. 1-6. Trial drawings on slips of
limestone (ddbsh) (see Part I., p. 24). No. 1 is
a man smelling the ground before Pharaoh ;
no. 2 a bullock walking ; no. 3 a hawk and a
man holding a flower ; no. 4 a monkey under-
neath a king's throne, with a sketch for an
ornamented ceiling behind ; no. 5 is another
sketch for a ceiling ; no. 6 is a serpent of lime-
stone, unfinished. No. 7 is a sketch of a naos
(no doubt one of those of the Xlth Dynasty
on the temple-platform ; Part I., pp. 30 If. ;
II., pp. 6 ff".) on a fragment of yellow pottery.
No. 8 is the lower part of a small sandstone
stele, on which is painted a scene of a girl with
side-lock offering to two seated male figures in
voluminous white robes. No. 9 are specimens
of the curious votive offering mentioned on
page 17 : a cake of mud filled with holes, in
which are stuck broken blue beads. All the
above are of the XVIIIth and XlXth Dynasties.
PI. XXIII. Votive pottery of the XVIIIth
Dynasty. The specimens here illustrated are all
in the British Museum. They comprise (1)
rough double or triple vases ((Wl) of coarse
brown ware, sometimes daubed with paint ;
(2) painted miniature pots from the edges of
larger pots and from kernoi, evidently, from
their blackened condition, often used for the
burning of incense before the divine image of
Hathor by the devoter (see page 15); (3) painted
knobs or button-like rosettes from the edges of
similar votive pots, often sticking out for a
distance of half an inch from the adhering frag-
ments of tlic original pots, which were evidently
imitations of metal vases of price (page 15);
(4) small Hathor-heads used in the same manner;
(5) vases from kernoi or double pots like (1),
with rude zigzag decoration made by means of
a piece of stick ; (6) fragments of vases, each
similarly decorated, and with a row of tiny little
pots stuck along under the outside edge of the
rim of the vessel : this is a degradation of the
idea of (2).
PI. XXIV. 1. Pottery cows and Hathor-heads
from similar kernoi and votive bowls (see page
15), wooden Hathor-heads and vicnats, and a
rudely-cut plaque of white steatite, unglazed, on
which is the cow of Hathor among papyrus reeds
(British Museum, no. 410G0).
2. Wooden votive ear (page 16). Pottery
figures of girls (connected with the Hathoric
worship), one of which (in the centre of the
illustration) is very fine (British Museum, no.
41107). It is 5 in. high (see page 16). Rude
heads of the common type of Hathoric figure.
3. Blue glazed faience Hathor head and torso
of Hathoric figure.
4. 5. Bronze votive eyes, ears, and Hathor cow.
6. Portion of stone bowl with rudely-cut
couchant cow or jackal on the edge.
All these objects are votive, and are exclusively
of the XVIIIth Dynasty.
PI. XXV. Miscellaneous smaller votive ob-
jects of the XVIIIth Dynasty : 1. A string of
alternating blue and black cones, from a model
scourge, symbol of divinity. 2. Model eyes,
ears, Hathor heads, cows, rosettes, beads, and
scarabs of blue and black glazed faience : one
cow is of bronze. A set of scarabs is still strung
on the original thread. A piece of patterned
bead-work in tiny beads of brilliant colours is
notable. 3. A disk bead of mother-of-pearl, with
two perforations. 4. A bunch of triple beads of
blue and black glazed faience. 5. Glazed faience
and steatite scarabs of the XVIIIth Dynasty,
26
THE XlTH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
some with the name of Hatshepsu. Steatite
scarab of Khakaura Senusrit III. Deep blue
glazed faience spherical bead of Sankhkara (see
page 14).
PI. XXVI. Fragments of blue glazed ware
votive bowls of the XVIIIth Dynasty. The
designs are all Ilathoric — the Ilathor-head,
papyrus, fish, etc. No. 4, a fragment of a
crinkle-edge bowl in the Ashmolean Mu.seum,
has on it a very freely treated plant. ISo. 5,
also in the Ashmolean, has a funerary prayer
(t A n) *'*' " ^"^ mistress" Hathor for the
devoter, ". . . . uh-uer, deceased" (. . . . %^ 1^
, who is represented praying.
PI. XXVII. Similar fraoments of blue glaze :
those with the cows on the right (2) are in the
British Museum. 3. Fragments of blue glaze
mendts (in the Ashmolean) with royal names of
the early and mid-XVIIIth Dynasty — Aahmes-
Nefertari (E 2727), Thothmes I. (E 2728), and
Hatshepsu (E 2729). 4. Fragment of a blue
glaze "moustache-cup" (British Museum). 5.
Fragment of painted pottery ; brown ware, with
representations of plants in black. G. Beads of
pale blue, dark blue, and black glaze ; some
lentoid with fragments of turquoise glass stuck
on them ; some of small bits of folded reed-leaf.
Bits of cloth with beads worked into them. All
votive : XVIIIth Dynasty.
PI. XXVIII. Miscellaneous objects found in
the upper strata of the rubbish overlying the
temple (page 18): a basket (l), pieces of basket or
mat- work and two sandals (2), a five-fold brush
(3), a bag of natron (4), a leather bag (5), a
small bird and a piece of bread (G), and a fiat cake
of bread (7). These must all be relics of work-
men of the XVIII-XXth Dynasty, though (7)
may have been thrown out of an Xlth Dynasty
tomb. (8) is a string of glazed faience beads,
cylindrical, segmental (see p. 17), and spherical.
XVIIIth Dynasty.
PI. XXIX. Tools and implements, etc., of the
Ramesside period (Pt. I., p. 16) : (1) A reed mat
and bowl ; (2) a wooden hoe with its original
cross-rope ; (3) wooden mallets ; (4) rope ; (5) a
bronze fish-hook (British Museum) ; (6) a fine
bronze graver for cutting hieroglyphs, possibly
of the XVIIIth Dynasty, and used for the work
in Hatshepsu's temple (Cairo) ; (7) a copper
chisel with hardened edge (Cairo) ; and (8) a
heavy stone chisel (British Museum ; Part I.,
p. 4G).
PI. XXX. Votive cloths of the XVIIIth
Dynasty (see pages 15, 30).
PI. XXXI. Similar votive cloths.
PI. XXXII. Miscellaneous votive objects of
the kind described above (Pis. XXIII.-XXIX.,
and ch. IV.). No. 16 shows a very perfect
kernos, with vases and couchant cows alternating
on a circular pipe-like base. No. 12 (Ashmolean)
has a thick running glaze.
PI. XXXIII. Miscellaneous objects, XIX-
XXth Dynasty and Roman, of the type illustrated
in Pk XXVIII., XXIX., comprising: (2) mallets;
(3) the fine hoc illustrated in PI. XXIX. 2 ; (4) a
brown ware vase with rope frame and loops for
hanging, now in the British Museum (no. 43223) ;
(5) a wooden clamp for building ; (9) a brush
with red paint (British Museum) ; (6, 10, 13, 15)
ostraka of the Ramesside period ; (14) ostrakon
with a rude plan of a building or garden ; (15) a
sketch of ceiling-pattern; (39-41) [transferred
from the preceding plate], Xlth Dynasty
arrows and a Ramesside (?) toggle with string ;
(11) fragment of Roman pottery with dancing
figure ; (8) a Greek stamp.
[Note.— Pis. XXX.-XXXIII. are drawn by
]\Ir. C. T. Currelly.]
PI. XXXIV. Miscellaneous objects, Roman
and Coptic: 1. Stele of the athlete, ,
son of Pasemis (page 20). '•2. Vase-lid (for an
DESCBIPTION OF PLATES.
27
incense-pot?) of pale blue faience. .0. Spouted
anipliora of rough brown ware, with rope. 4.
Turned Roman woodwork. 5, G. Jloniau carved
woodwork. 7. IJeed cro.ss. 8. Cross of two
twifTs tied together. 9. Fraa;ment of alabaster
cauopic jar with Coptic drawing of an angel
(page 21).
PI. XXXV. Views of the temple-excavations,
from photographs by M. D. Dalison (1), E. R.
Ayrton (2, 3), and myself (4-G).
ir. R. IT.
PI. XXXVl. General view of the two temples
of Deir el-Baliari from the north (taken by
Mr. Burton), showing the completion of the
work of the Egypt Exploration Fund at Deir
el-Bahari. Finin conmat opus.
E 2
28
THE XItu dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
APPENDIX.
THE SMALL ANTIQUITIES ILLUSTRATED ON PLATES XXX.-XXXIII.
By C. T. Currelly.
Mr. Hall lias already dealt generally with the
smaller objects. I wish, however, to add a few
words on the subject of joarticular classes of
objects which are illustrated, in addition to the
pliotographs, by my drawings on Pis. XXX.-
XXXIII. The objects which I have illustrated
are mostly of the XVIIIth and XlXth Dynasties,
and, as Mr. Hall has said in Part I., were
found mixed up irregularly in the masses of
stone chips and wind-blown dust above the
Xlth Dynasty temple. The greater number
were at a level that marked a "lioor" of the
time when worshippers came to place gifts
before the Ilathor cow that we found in situ.
The most numerous objects were of blue glaze —
tubular beads, disc beads, spherical beads, and
fragments of bowls. The moment we dug into
this layer quantities of beads were found, as if
thousands of necklaces, dedicated to the Cow-
goddess, had been swept out by the priests with
the dust and thrown in proper Egyptian fashion
to that side which the priest or attendant found
easiest. There they would soon be covered, and
so protected, by the wind-blown dust that circles
about in the great valley (Hall, Part I., p. 17).
The majority of the beads are tul)ular, and
have a diameter of a little less than a quarter of
an inch, and are about two inches long. There
is, however, variation in both diameter and
length. Frequently a few were still joined by
the original linen thread, and as these were
almost invarialjly broken beads, it is prol)able
that a whole bead was the exception in the
necklaces offered to the goddess. The whole
bead is also rather long to hang well on a
woman's neck.
The best of the beads are of the colour of the
Sinai tur(|uoise, from which the colouring was
doubtless copied. Hathor is frequently called
the goddess who loves the tur(|uoise. Her
temple in Sinai was built at Saraljit el-Khadim
in the midst of the turquoise mines, and built of
turquoise-bearing sandstone. Here also were
offered thousands of necklaces of the same beads,
and "reat numbers of bowls and vases of the
same colour and material. I think from this we
may conclude that the colour of the turquoise, as
well as the stone itself, was especially associated
with the worship of the goddess, and that neck-
laces of the kind found at these two temples
were worn and, at times, dedicated by those who
wished the aid of the goddess of love and
motherhood.
The blue colour is obtained from oxide of
copper, and is over a frit made of sand and soda
heated to a point which makes it firm but does
not fuse it into true glass. [See also p. 17, n. 1,
above.— H. R. II.]
The manufacture of beads of this material
goes back to predynastic days. Several strings
were found at Al)ydos. Professor Petrie also
found them in a layer of the Ist Dynasty at
Abydos. The predynastic beads are usually
small. In the predynastic tombs many beads
and amulets of quartz are found that are covered
with a blue glaze. It is probable that the frit
APPENDIX.
29
bend was invented as a cheaper and better
substitute for the glazed quartz. In the frit
bead, where the body of the bead is of the
same material as the glaze, minus the copper,
they adliere well, whereas the glaze readily
flakes oft' from the quartz. These blue-glazed
(juartz beads and amulets appear also in the
so-called Pan-crraVes at the close of the Xllth
Dynasty.
The XVIIItli Dynasty beads found liere before
the shrine of Ilathor are of a much more brilliant
and a purer blue colour than those found else-
where or of any other period. The whole
question of glazes must have received a great
impetus from the enormous demand for neck-
laces and bowls at this period, and it was at this
time that someone succeeded in producing a fire
hot enough to melt the sand and soda frit, and
so produce true glass. Of all the thousands of
tliesc beads that I have seen none have Iteen
accidentally fused. In any considerable number
of XXIInd Dynasty beads of the same general
kind many show fusion. This may be due to
the thinness of the frit in the bead. Possibly it
is to the accident of the firing that we owe a
certain number of dull green lieads. A few of
the finest have a spiral line drawn around them
in the manganese purple black. Tliese finest
beads are, however, rare, and the difticulties
of glazinjr are well shown in the numbers of
defective beads.
The vases are made of the same frit as the
beads. The fragments show that the commonest
form was the shallow bowl. See ante, pp. 17, 18,
Pis. XXVI., XXVII. I have added a few draw-
ings (PI. XXXII. 10-15, 18, 19),one(12)showing
a spiral design that is interesting and may be of
J^g&au. origin (see also p. 2G).
A few fragments were found where two tones
of blue were used, one a light turquoise and
the other a deep purple blue. These pieces
were executed with the greatest skill, and
the colours were in scale-shaped cloisons,
made probably by engraving the paste of the
frit. I think these were the finest pieces of
Egyptian glazed ware that have yet been found
(see p. 18).^
The design on the bowls is always drawn in a
purple-black colour that was probably obtained
from oxide of manganese. The design is usually
an outline drawing, but sometimes the spaces
are filled in with solid colour. Beads and other
things arc rarely found that are completely
covered with the manganese colour. A very
common subject is a pond of zigzag water in the
bottom of the bowl, and from it the lotus flowers
are represented as growing. At times the subject
is a few fish, either with or without the pond.
The frit of which the bowls are made seems
to have no clay in it, and it is so fragile that
it is probable that they were little used for
domestic purposes. This is borne out also by the
numbers found at Deir el-Bahari and at Sarabit
el-Khadim in Sinai, as compared with the scarcity
of them in tombs or in town sites, though there
are a certain number found both in tomlis and
in town rubbish.
In addition to the small beads and bowls
there were numerous other objects made with the
blue glaze. The fragments of hollow spheres,
decorated by purple-black and l)lue segments,
are mentioned on page 17. We were puzzled
for a long time by a large number of flat
pieces of glaze about two inches long, and of
the general form of a willow leaf, but with a
broken base. These, I found out later, were set
in clay models of the lower part of a lotus, and
formed a blue mass of petals on the top.
The other things made of frit and decorated
' [With this opinion 1 should he incHned to agree.
Fine specimens of this inlay ware, which I have already
mentioned on p. 18, are in the Britisli Museum (nos.
41023-4, 41032-.J, 43163). These show designs of zigzags
as well as scales. They are too fragmentary to determine
the shape of the vessels of which they formed part. A
complete bowl or vase of this inlay glaze-ware would be a
magnificent object. None such, however, is known, and,
so far as I am aware, these fragmentary specimens are the
only ones yet found of this remarkable fabric. — H. K. H.]
30
THE XIth dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
with glaze were the small votive cows, hadly
made and of only a few inches in length, votive
ears (PI. XXXII. 20, 21, etc.), small plaques with
the face of the goddess Hatlior (PI. XXX 1 1.,
no. l),and a few phalli and other objects already
described by ]\Ir. Hall in Chapter IV.
The sjjecial relation of blue colour with the
goddess cannot lie doubted. A very Ijeautiful
piece of yellow glaze was found, part of a solid
ball of faience (Brit. Mus., no. 43162), but it was
the only large fragment not of blue.
As the invention of glass is probably the
greatest contribution that Egypt made to the
material civilization of the world, and as its
invention probably came through the working
of blue glaze for the worship of Ilathor, it is
clear that the Valley of Ilathor, who loved the
turquoise, should l)e reckoned among the great
places of the world.
On Pis. XXX., XXXI. I illustrate a class of
votive ofl'ering which, I believe, has, as Mr. Hall
says (p. 15), been found only near this temple,
viz., the painted picture on linen cloth. These
are painted in tempera on heavy cloth. The
surface was prepared by a thin layer of white
being painted over the whole surface. The
design was outlined in black, or occasionally in
red, and then filled in with colour. The inscrip-
is in black. The cloth is fringed on one or more
sides. The subject is always a votive scene,
where a man, usually accompanied by his wife
and family, makes an offering to Ilathor. The
goddess is usually represented in her cow form,
sometimes in a boat, sometimes just appearing
from the Deir el-Bahari cliff. In a few examples
she is represented in her human form (see PI.
XXXI. 3, 4).
Here and there in the rubbish we found tools
that the workmen had lost, or perhaps thrown
away (see p. 18 ff.). The chisels were of large
size, with a splayed out cutting edge. The
general form was much like our modern chisel.
The mallets were very numerous, probably fifty
were found altogether. The handle was in one
piece with the rather jiineapple-shaped hitting
part (see PI. XXXI II., no. 2). The wood is
acacia. On the same plate is a drawing of a
wooden pick, of which perhaps a dozen were
found. The blade was still fastened to the
handle with its rope of palm fibre. This simple-
looking tool is really very cunningly made, as
may be seen if the angle of the strain be noted.
A considerable number of brushes for the use
of the sculptors were found (PI. XXXIII., no. 9).
They were made by twisting a small cord of
palm fil)re round strands of the same nuiterial,
so as to form a roll about three ((uarters of an
inch in diameter. When a brush was desired, a
few inches were cut off from this roll, the two
ends were unwound for about two inches, the
piece was then doubled over, and the loose ends
of the cord were tied around both ends of the
fibre.
Two other objects connected with the building
operations were wooden clamps and pieces of
wood prepared to l)e the ends of lines. The
clamps were found in small numbers, but were
probably considerably used during the XIth
Dynasty, as many stones were cut to receive
them. Mortar was in common use, so these were
not always required (PI. XXXIII., no. 5). In
the same plate, no. 41, is what we thought were
the ends of lines used by the architects. The
wood is well polished by the hands of the users.
In a few cases the cord was still wound around
the stick, and one end was still coming out
through the hole (see p. 2G).
A considerable number of rough sketches were
found. The majority were made on chips of
limestone with black paint and a ])rush. A few
bore red crosslines, put over the sketch to enable
the artist to transfer it to a wall without extra
trouble (see PI. XXXIII., nos. G, 10, 13). No. 14
of the same plate is probably a rough plan of
a house. No. 1 of this plate is a potsherd on
which a star has been very carefully drawn.
This is the form of star used frequently in ceiling
decoration, and also where it was desirable to
APPENDIX.
:n
show that the scene l)ek)w was separated from
tlie ouc above — under a difl'erent sky.
A very elaborate sketch that we found shows
the laying out f)f a pyramid. The space is
divided into small squares, and on these the
pyramid was drawn.
Even during tlie excavation of the great
XVIlIth Dynasty temple the workmen were
constantly finding small and roughly-carved
wooden figures that were known to belong to
wooden models like those found in Xlth and
Xlltli Dynasty tombs. At the entrance to the
great royal tomb, or La sanctuary, in the Xlth
Dynasty temple we found many baskets of these
little models. As a rule they were not over six
inches high. The work was rough, the arms
pegged on and shapeless, and the painting of the
features, such as the eyes, very careless. The
majority of the figures were painted with yellow
ochre, the hnir, eyes, etc., being in black. A few
were painted red with the black. If any loin-
cloth was shown it was painted white. When
we at last entered the great granite chamber,
the whole floor was littered with these fissures.
Three broken model boats, pieces of granaries,
figures of labourers, scribes, beer jars, l)ake ovens,
baskets of grain, and other farm produce were
lying mixed up with scores of pieces of broken
bows, arrows, clubs, and innumerable shreds of
very fine linen. The debris was more than a
foot thick, and there was not an object that had
not been broken as maliciously as possible. The
bows had been beautifully made, and of a very
good and hard wood ; they were of the ordinary
Middle Empire type, long and thin, better suited
for throwing an arrow with a long, slow curved
flight than at great sjjeed. One arrow had the
wings carved in wood, and they were so carved
that the arrow would rotate like a rifle bullet
(see PI. XXXIir., no. 40). No. .39 is a double
barbed arrow-point. This is the only one of its
kind I have ever seen.
A few figures were found of which the carving
was good. Tlie dificrcnce between the.sc and the
ordinary run of the type was very great, as, not
only was the work carefully done, but they
showed a good deal of artistic skdl, and were
particularly vigorous (see the figures illustrated
in IMr. Hall's PI. XIX.; one, a figure of a
dignitary, without wig, wearing a long apron,
and standing with cro.sscd arms (Brit. j\Ius.,
no. 470:58) is not illustrated). Wc found only
three or four pieces of bone, fragments of
a skull, a half of a lower jaw-l)one, and a
small piece probably of a leg-bone. These
were black, and looked as if they had been
covered with Intumcn after the flesh had been
removed.'
In the shrine where wc found the great statue
of the Ilathor-cow (Part I., ch. VI.) the only
other objects were many basketsfuU of roughly-
carved wooden phalli that had been placed on
the floor around the statue. A few of the same
kind had been found in the rul)bisli at some
distance from the shrine.
' [These are in the British Museum (no. 49457), with a
fragment of a coffin (not certainly found in the " tomb "),
on which seem to appear the signs of the king's Horus-
name (no. 4762G). A wooden figure of the king seated in
state, wearing the white crown, in his funerary boat was
assigned, I believe, to the Museum of Geneva. The British
Museum has the lower portion of a similar figure, with the
roof of the canopy above it, and the hull of a similar boat.
The best boat with rowers wont to America (PI. XIX. 2) ;
a second is at (Jencva. The British Museum has a good
set of the fragments of bows and arrows found, and some
good specimens have gone to the University Museum at
Kyoto. Certainly if this hypogaeum was not an actual
tomb, it was provided with all the usual aj>])urteiiaiices of
a royal burial at the time. — H. 11. H.]
INDEX
INDEX TO PAET III.
Abraham, bishop of Eraient, 20.
AmenothOs, as god, 19.
Amulets, 11, 16.
Angel, Coptic clrawing of an, 21.
Anows (Xlth Dynasty), 26, 31.
el-Asasif, 19.
Assyrian, mentioned on an ostrakon, 18.
Athlete, stele of the, 20.
Baskets, 18.
Beads (XVIIIth Dynasty), 17, 28; bead-work, 25; bead-
making, 29.
Blue glaze, 15, 28 if.
Boats, model (Xlth Dynasty), 31.
Bonos, fragments of, 31.
Bowls, gla/.cd, H.
Bows, 31.
Bread, ancient, 18, 21.
Britain, XVIIIth Dynasty Egyptian beads in Bronze Age
graves in, 17.
Bronze plaqucK, 16 ; tools, IH, 2f).
Brushes, palm-libre, 30.
Burton. Mr., photograph by, 27.
Chisels, 18, 20, 30.
Clamps, wooden, 30
Cloths, painted votive, 15, 30.
Cones, funerary, 19.
Coptic objects, ostraka, etc., 20.
Coral, 18.
Cow of Hathor, 14.
Crete, analogies with, 16, 18.
Cross, Coptic, 27.
Diduaa, son of Hataai, stele of, 4.
Djaui, statue of, 7.
Drawings on limestone, 18, 25.
Ear and eye amulets, 16.
Faience, 14 £f., 17 n. ' (see also " Glaze ").
Faras, Hathor-temple at, relics from, 14, 16.
Flower-headdress, royal, 23.
Foot-graffiti of pilgrims, 24.
Fruit, shells of, 18 ; votive models of, 17.
Glass, invention of, 30.
Glaze, 16, 17, 28 ; inlaid, 29.
Graving-tool, 18.
Greek ostraka, 19.
Hathor, 28 ; Hathor-cow, figures of, 14 ; Hathor-heads, 25.
Hathoric figures, 14.
Hatshepsu, scarabs of, 14.
Hieratic ostraka, 19.
Imouthes, worship of, 19.
Incense-gum {('niti), 1, 18.
Jto-tomb of King Mentuhetep, objects from, 24, 31.
Kemsit, tomb of, 9.
Kenioi, 15, 25.
Lake, in Wiltshire, discoveries at, 17.
Letters, Coptic, 20.
Libyans, reliefs of, 23.
Limestone ostraka, 18, 20.
Mallets, 18, 30.
Meritamon, queen, 19.
Models (Xlth Dynasty) from tombs, 31.
Monastery, Coptic, of S. Phoibammon, 20.
Mortar, 30.
Moustache-cups, IB.
Necklaces, 17.
Nehi, viceroy of Nubia, statue of, 3.
Nutmeg, shells of, 18.
Ostraka, Hieratic, Greek, and Coptic, 18 ff.
36
INDKX.
Paintings, wall, in tomb of Kemsit, 9.
Paiseru (Paser), viceroy of Nubia, statues of, 5.
Pan-graves, 29.
Phalli, 30, 31.
Phylakopi (Melos), 18 ii. '.
Pilgrims' grafliti, 24.
Plant-designs, 18.
Pottery, 15, 18.
Punite, relief of a, 23.
Rameses II. and Queen Nefertari, fragment of figure, 6.
Restorations by Rameses II., 18.
Ring-stands, pottery, 15.
Sankhkara, bead of, 14.
Sa-Hathor, relief of, 23.
Sarabit el-Khadim, Hathor-worship at, 14, 28.
Scarabs, 14.
Segmental beads, 17.
Senusrit III., statues of 10 ; stele of, 23 ; scarab of, 14.
Set, relief of (Xlth Dynasty), 23.
Shells of fruit in XVIIIth Dynasty deposit, 18.
Sinai, Ilatlior worship at, 14, 2K.
Siphtah, relief of, 23.
Skulls (Xlth Dynasty), 24.
Small objects, 13 ff.
Statues, votive, 1, 24 ; of Senusrit III., 10.
Steatite, glazed, 14.
Stein, Sir M. A., discoveries of, 21.
Tan Hill, in Wiltshire, discoveries at, 17.
Tax-receipts, Roman, 21.
Thothmes I., sanctuary of, 24.
Tools, 18.
Turkestan, analogies with, 21.
Turquoise, 19, 28.
Tutankhamon, 3.
Twelfth Dynasty, .art of, 9.
Usihat, stele of, 3.
Victor, Apa, 20.
Votive offerings, 1 ff., 13 ff.
Wall-paintiug, in tomb of Kemsit, 9.
PLATES,
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VOTIVE STATUES WITH INSCRIPTIONS.
LATE MIDDLE KINGDOM TO XIXth DYNASTY.
PLATE V.
VOTIVE STATUES AND INSCRIPTIONS:
XVIIITH DYNASTY AND LATER.
PLATE VI.
VOTIVE STELAE: LATE MIDDLE KINGDOM TO XIXth DYNASTY.
PLATE VI
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XITH DYNASTY SCULPTURES.
PLATE XI
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PLATE XIV.
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MISCELLANEOUS SCULPTURE; XIth XIX^h DYNASTY.
PLATE XV.
fi?V-»'j»«fr^';*';Ti!:«?i!i
STELE OF SENUSRIT III.
STELE OF THOTHMES.
TEMPLE-RELIEF.
THOTHMES III. AND HATHOR.
PLATE XVI
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MISCELLANEOUS FIGURES AND INSCRIPTIONS:
XVIIITH -XIXTH DYNASTY.
PLATE XVII
[409S3]
VOTIVE PORTRAIT OF A PRIEST (?): XVIIIth DYNASTY.
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VOTIVE PORTRAIT OF A PRIESTESS; XVIIITH DYNASTY.
PLATE XVI
HEADS OF VOTIVE FIGURES: MIDDLE KINGDOM (?> AND XVIIITH DYNASTY.
PLATE XIX.
FROM THE KA-TOMB OF KINO MCNTUIILTEP.
FROM THE KA-TOMB.
FROM VARIOUS TOMBS.
LOAF OF BREAD.
OBJECTS FROM XIth DYNASTY TOMBS.
PLATE XX.
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SKULLS FROM XlTH DYNASTY TOMBS.
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TRIAL DRAWINGS, ETC.: XVIIIth-XIXth DYNASTY,
PLATE XXIII,
VOTIVE POTTERY: XVIIIth DYNASTY.
PLATE XXIV.
VOTIVE OBJECTS: XVIIlTH DYNASTY.
1 : 2
PLATE XXV.
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VOTIVE OBJECTS: XVIIIth DYNASTY.
PLATE XXVI.
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BLUE GLAZED WARE: XVIIITH DYNASTY.
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BLUE GLAZED AND PAINTED WARE; BEADS, ETC.: XVIIITH DYNASTY.
PLATE XXVI
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS: XVIIIth-XXth DYNASTY.
PLATE XXIX.
^^.^'^^i
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TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS: XVIIIth DYNASTY TO RAMESSIDE PERIOD.
PLATE XXX.
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VOTIVE OBJECTS: XVIIIth DYNASTY.
PLATE XXXII
;72
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS: XIth-XXth DYNASTY AND ROMAN.
PLATE XXXIV.
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS: ROMAN AND COPTIC.
PLATE XXXV.
1. CLEARING THE TEMPLE PLATFORM: THE SHOOTS
AT WORK IN THE SOUTHERN COURT
~|
: ( ' ^
4. GRAFFITO OF BULL: NORTH
LOWER COLONNADE.
SIR^
'''■*-^ ^' '■'/,' ''''^^ '"i^
2 ANCIENT TREE-TRUNK EMBEDDED
IN THE PYRAMID-BASE.
3, XXIST-XXIIND DYN.; MUMMY FROM AN INTRUDED
BURIAL IN THE TEMPLE-RUBBISH.
5. RESTORATION-INSCRIPTION OF
RAMESES II. ON AN XIth dYN,
COLUMN.
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6. GENERAL VIEW OF THE TWO TEMPLES:
FROM THE SOUTH,
PLATE XXXVI.
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